Institute of Fundamental Technological Research
Polish Academy of Sciences

Staff

Prof. Zbigniew Kowalewski, PhD, DSc

Department of Experimental Mechanics (ZMD)
Division of Strength of Materials (PWM)
position: Professor
Head of Department
direct telephone: (+48) 22 826 98 00
telephone: (+48) 22 826 12 81 ext.: 205
room: 036
e-mail:
ORCID: 0000-0002-8128-0846

Doctoral thesis
1988 Wpływ wtórnej anizotropii plastycznej na pełzanie metali w złożonym stanie naprężenia 
supervisor -- Lech Dietrich, PhD, DSc, IPPT PAN
 
Habilitation thesis
1997 Analiza procesu pełzania oraz jego wpływu na zachowanie metali w jednoosiowym i złożonym stanie naprężenia 
Professor
2008-04-14 Title of professor
Supervision of doctoral theses
1.  2022-11-09
co-supervisor
Libura Tomasz  
(University of Lorraine)
Study of the impact resistance of laminated composites based on Elium acrylic matrix subjected to prior fatigue aging 
2.  2020-07-10
co-supervisor
Kopeć Mateusz  
(Imperial College London)
Hot stamping of titanium alloys 
3.  2015-03-26 Makowska Katarzyna  
(ITS)
Metodyka oceny stanu uszkodzenia materiałów poddawanych laboratoryjnie symulowanym obciążeniom eksploatacyjnym 
4.  2007-09-13 Szymczak Tadeusz  
(PW)
Wpływ historii złożonych obciążeń na właściwości mechaniczne materiałów konstrukcyjnych 
5.  2006-12-19 Rutecka Agnieszka  
(PW)
Modelowanie zjawiska kolmatacji z wykorzystaniem metody elementów skończonych 

Recent publications
1.  Kopeć M., Liu X., Gorniewicz D., Modrzejewski P., Zasada D., Jóźwiak S., Janiszewski J., Kowalewski Z.L., Mechanical response of 6061-T6 aluminium alloy subjected to dynamic testing at low temperature: Experiment and modelling, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING, ISSN: 0734-743X, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2023.104843, Vol.185, No.104843, pp.1-10, 2024

Abstract:
The aim of this research was to investigate an effect of low temperature on the mechanical properties and mi-crostructure of 6061-T6 aluminium alloy (AA6061-T6) subjected to dynamic loading. The specimens were subjected to dynamic compression at a low temperature of −80°C in a range of strain rates from 1.25 × 10 3 1/s to 3.4 × 10 3 1/s to compare their mechanical responses. The deformation mechanisms were analysed through EBSD observations during which dynamic recovery, was found as the dominant one. Furthermore, microstruc-tural analysis indicated that deformation under high strain rate conditions and temperature of-80°C enables to keep the constant initial grain size of the material after the loading applied. The material behaviour was modelled using mechanism-based viscoplastic constitutive equations. Furthermore, an accuracy of the developed model was validated by comparing it to experimental data. The set of constitutive equations proposed has been successful in modelling the stress-strain behaviour of the material for the range of strain rates and temperatures encountered in aluminium-forming processes under low-temperature conditions.

Keywords:
Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB),Low temperature,AA6061-T6,Microstructure

Affiliations:
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Liu X. - Imperial College London (GB)
Gorniewicz D. - Military University of Technology (PL)
Modrzejewski P. - other affiliation
Zasada D. - other affiliation
Jóźwiak S. - Military University of Technology (PL)
Janiszewski J. - Military University of Technology (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
2.  Kopeć M., Gunputh U., Macek W., Kowalewski Z.L., Wood P., Orientation effects on the fracture behaviour of additively manufactured stainless steel 316L subjected to high cyclic fatigue, Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, ISSN: 0167-8442, DOI: 10.1016/j.tafmec.2024.104287, pp.1-20, 2024

Abstract:
In this paper, stainless steel 316L (SS316L) bars were additively manufactured (AM) in three orientations (Z – vertical, XY – horizontal, ZX45 – midway between vertical and horizontal) by using the Laser Powder Bed Fusion Melting (LPBF-M) method. The AM specimens were subjected to load control fatigue testing under full tension and compression (R = -1) at stress amplitudes ±350, ±400 and ±450 MPa. The XY and ZX45 printing orientations were found to significantly improve service life. Although similar strain response was found for each orientation when the same stress amplitude was applied, slightly different fracture mechanisms were identified during the post-mortem surface observations.

Keywords:
SS316L,stainless steel,fatigue,additive manufacturing,Laser Powder Bed Fusion Melting (LPBF-M)

Affiliations:
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Gunputh U. - other affiliation
Macek W. - other affiliation
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Wood P. - University of Derby (GB)
3.  Makowska K., Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Fatigue Behaviour of Medium Carbon Steel Assessed by the Barkhausen Noise Method, ACTA MECHANICA ET AUTOMATICA, ISSN: 1898-4088, DOI: 10.2478/ama-2024-0005, Vol.18, No.1, pp.40-47, 2024

Abstract:
In this paper, an attempt to estimate the stage of the fatigue process using the Barkhausen noise method is studied. First, microstructural and static tensile tests were carried out and, subsequently, fatigue tests up to failure were conducted. After determination of the material behaviour in the assumed static and dynamic conditions, the interrupted fatigue tests were performed. Each specimen was stressed up to a different number of cycles corresponding to 10%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% of fatigue lifetime for the loading conditions considered. In the next step of the experimental programme, the specimens were subjected to the Barkhausen magnetic noise measurements. Various magnetic parameters coming from the rms Barkhausen noise envelopes were determined. The linear relationship betweenthe full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the Barkhausen noise envelope and the number of loading cycles to fracture was found. Specimens loaded up to a certain number of cycles were also subjected to a tensile test to assess an influence of fatigue on the fracture features

Keywords:
fatigue, Barkhausen noise, structural steel, fracture, mechanical properties, deformation

Affiliations:
Makowska K. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
4.  Tabin J., Nalepka K.T., Kawałko J., Brodecki A., Bała P., Kowalewski Z.L., Plastic Flow Instability in 304 Austenitic Stainless Steels at Room Temperature, METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, ISSN: 1073-5623, DOI: 10.1007/s11661-023-07223-5, pp.1-6, 2023

Abstract:
A remarkable plastic flow instability is observed during tensile deformation of the commercial 304 stainless-steel sheet at room temperature. It has been found that the occurrence of plastic flow instability in 304 is dependent on the strain rate and specimen gage length. Moreover, it is essentially the same as the necking caused by plastic instability in 316L. However, the enhanced strain hardening resulting from deformation-induced martensitic transformation facilitates the orderly propagation of the strain-localized band.

Affiliations:
Tabin J. - IPPT PAN
Nalepka K.T. - other affiliation
Kawałko J. - other affiliation
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Bała P. - AGH University of Science and Technology (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
5.  Dubey Ved P., Kopeć M., Łazińska M., Kowalewski Z.L., Yield surface identification of CP-Ti and its evolution reflecting pre-deformation under complex loading, International Journal of Plasticity, ISSN: 0749-6419, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2023.103677, Vol.167, pp.1-21, 2023

Abstract:
Uniaxial testing methods to characterize materials provide only limited data that is insufficient to fully understand all aspects of their behaviour, such as initial texture or anisotropy. Therefore, this research aims to conduct complex stress loading experiments to understand the physical mechanism accountable for plastic deformation caused by monotonic tension and tension assisted by proportional cyclic torsion in the CP-Ti (Commercially Pure Titanium). The yield surface approach was applied to assess the variation of mechanical properties in the as-received and predeformed material. It was found, that such monotonic tension associated with cyclic torsion caused a significant decrease of the tensile stress. The initial yield surface obtained for the asreceived material exhibits anisotropic behaviour, whereas, the sizes of subsequent yield surface reflecting pre-deformation were reduced in all directions with exception of the tension direction.

Keywords:
yield surface,pre-deformation,plastic anisotropy,cycle loading,tubular specimen

Affiliations:
Dubey Ved P. - IPPT PAN
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Łazińska M. - Military University of Technology (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
6.  Pokorska I., Poński M., Kubissa W., Libura T., Brodecki A., Kowalewski Z.L., Computational Fracture Evolution Analysis of Steel-Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Using Concrete Continuous Damage and Fiber Progressive Models, Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma16165635, Vol.16, No.5635, pp.1-20, 2023

Abstract:
The process of concrete cracking is a common problem because the first micro-cracks due to the loss of moisture may appear even before the concrete is loaded. The application of fracture mechanics allows for a better understanding of this problem. Steel-fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC) samples with a notch were subjected to a three-point bending test, and the results for crack energy were used to analyze the concrete’s material properties. In this paper, an experimental and numerical analysis of SFRC with rapid changes in the force (F) crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) curve (F-CMOD) is presented. In order to obtain the relevant F-CMOD diagrams, three-point bending tests were carried out with non-standard samples with a thickness equal to one-third of the width of standard samples. For analysis purposes, crimped steel fibers were adopted. A probabilistic analysis of the most important parameters describing the material in question, such as peak strength, post-cracking strength, crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD), fracture energy, and the post-cracking deformation modulus, was conducted. The tests and the analysis of their results show that the quasi-static numerical method can be applied to obtain suitable results. However, significant dynamic effects during experiments that influence the F-CMOD curves are hard to reflect well in numerical calculations.

Keywords:
concrete, finite element method (FEM) simulations, steel-fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC), crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD), steel fibers

Affiliations:
Pokorska I. - IPPT PAN
Poński M. - IPPT PAN
Kubissa W. - Warsaw University of Technology (PL)
Libura T. - IPPT PAN
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
7.  Kopeć M., Brodecki A., Kowalewski Z.L., Fatigue damage development in 10CrMo9-10 steel for power plant pipes in as-received state and after 280,000 h of exploitation, ARCHIVES OF CIVIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, ISSN: 1644-9665, DOI: 10.1007/s43452-023-00637-3, Vol.23, No.98, pp.1-10, 2023

Abstract:
This paper discusses an effect of 280,000 h of exploitation under internal pressure of 2.9 MPa and high temperature of 540 °C on the mechanical properties of 10CrMo9-10 (10H2M) power engineering steel. The mechanical response of the specimens obtained from two pipes: a new in the as-received state and exploited for a long period was assessed through the uniaxial tensile tests and subsequent fatigue tests. The long-term, high-temperature exposure of 10H2M steel resulted in the deterioration of its mechanical properties and was quantitatively described as a function of the fatigue damage measure, φ, and the fatigue damage parameter D. Finally, the proposed methodology of power exponent approximation with both damage sensitive parameters (φ, D) enabled for successful determination of the 10H2M steel fatigue life.

Keywords:
Fatigue,Damage development,10H2M steel,High-temperature aging

Affiliations:
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
8.  Brodecki A., Kopeć M., Kowalewski Z., Monitoring of fatigue damage development in as-received and exploited 10CrMo9-10 power engineering steel supported by Digital Image Correlation, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, ISSN: 0308-0161, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpvp.2023.104889, Vol.202, No.104889, pp.1-9, 2023

Abstract:
This research aimed to compare the effect of long-time degradation of two different states of 10CrMo9-10 (10H2M) power engineering steel by using different experimental and analytical approaches. The specimens machined from the as-received steel and the same material after exploitation for 280 000 h at the temperature of 540 ◦C and the internal pressure of 2.9 MPa were subjected to fatigue loading that was simultaneously monitored by using the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique. The effect of long-time degradation on the mechanical response of 10H2M steel was studied through fractographic observations and was finally described as a function of the fatigue damage measure, φ, and the fatigue damage parameter D.

Keywords:
Fatigue development, Damage, 10H2M steel, Digital image correlation (DIC)

Affiliations:
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z. - IPPT PAN
9.  Szczęsny G., Kopec M., Łukaszewicz A., Kowalewski Z.L., Identification of the damage mechanism in orthopaedic implant. Case study including the biomechanical analysis, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DAMAGE MECHANICS, ISSN: 1056-7895, DOI: 10.1177/10567895231215553, pp.1-12, 2023

Abstract:
Implant breaking destabilizing the fracture may be caused by its structural defect, inappropriate use, or massive overloads. We present the patient, who broke the plate stabilizing comminuted clavicular fracture at the sixth postoperative week due to the, primarily reported, simple loading of the limb that should not exceeded admissible limits. Macroscopic examination excluded its manufacturing defect of an explant, but revealed areas of fatigue fractures, as well as anterior and inferior bending of its edges. Mechanical analysis proved sufficient material durability. Those findings clearly showed that the plate broke in consequence of repetitive overloads exceeding its durability. Patient, when acquitted with those results, confessed that the plate broke, while fishing. Moreover, he reported an episode of alcohol overuse that could contribute to implant failure bringing the risk of additional injury. Biomechanical analysis confirmed that mechanical loads throwing the spinner exceed values adequate for plate breaking. Thus, the real circumstances of the complication seem to be unveiled pointing out to facts that some patients disobey postoperative recommendations to avoid overloading of stabilized extremity, thus participating actively in this type of complications, that they dissemble the real circumstances of the complications, and that they may exhibit risky and irrational behavior. Basing on the presented case we concluded that in some cases plaster cast immobilization supporting stabilized fracture may be beneficial precluding banned activities and preventing from secondary injuries reducing the risk of postoperative complications.

Keywords:
clavicle fracture, implant failure, mechanical overloads, postoperative recommendations disobey, insubordinate patient

Affiliations:
Szczęsny G. - Medical University of Warsaw (PL)
Kopec M. - IPPT PAN
Łukaszewicz A. - other affiliation
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
10.  Łukaszewicz A., Kopeć M., Szczęsny G., Kowalewski Z.L., Characteristics of orthopaedic implants damage and mechanisms of its initiation, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DAMAGE MECHANICS, ISSN: 1056-7895, DOI: 10.1177/10567895231212329, pp.1-19, 2023

Abstract:
Implant fractures complicate orthopaedic procedures requiring secondary surgeries. However, it is not
exactly known when the damage initiation starts and which factors predispose them to the highest
degree. Thus, the aim of the study was to characterize changes observed in orthopaedic implants
after their removal from the bone. Particular efforts were made to determine, which of them occur
during the process of its production, installation, usage and removal. Such identification enabled to specify
the role of lesions emerging during each period and their role in the implant’s deformation or fracture.
The paper was focused on implants dedicated to the stabilization of the femur fractures since the bone
transfers the highest loads. External surface and geometric features of eight representative implants were
observed under standard and stereoscopic cameras, as well as under light and scanning electron microscopes. Macroscopic analysis of the investigated implants exhibited a number of defects in the form of
scratches, abrasions, deformations and chipping. The wear degree of each implant was different and
strictly depended on how it was implanted in the patient’s body, as well as on how the patient exploited
it through his mobility. Four different sources of implant integrity changes were identified: manufacturingrelated changes, implant application-related changes, daily life-related changes and implant removalrelated changes.

Keywords:
Orthopaedic implants, implant’s destruction, intramedullary nail, bone plate, surface analysis, wear

Affiliations:
Łukaszewicz A. - other affiliation
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Szczęsny G. - Medical University of Warsaw (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
11.  Kopeć M., Liu X., Kukla D., Sitek R., Kowalewski Z.L., Effect of printing direction on fatigue response and damage development in additive manufactured Haynes 282 nickel superalloy, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DAMAGE MECHANICS, ISSN: 1056-7895, DOI: 10.1177/10567895231204951, pp.1-15, 2023

Abstract:
In this paper, three different directions of 0°, 45° and 90° were used to manufacture the Haynes 282 alloy bars by using the Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) method. The additively manufactured specimens as well as these of the wrought Haynes 282 were subsequently subjected to comparative fatigue tests in the range of stress amplitude from ±400 MPa to ±800 MPa. The AM process enhanced the fatigue response of the nickel-based alloy in question by 200 MPa. Furthermore, it was found, that the printing direction does not affect the fatigue response of additively manufactured specimens significantly as minor differences in service life were observed for the entire stress amplitude range adopted. Finally, fatigue damage measure φ and fatigue damage parameter D approaches were used to reveal the dynamics of damage development and to monitor damage development due to fatigue.

Keywords:
Haynes 282, nickel alloys, fatigue, additive manufacturing, Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS)

Affiliations:
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Liu X. - Imperial College London (GB)
Kukla D. - IPPT PAN
Sitek R. - Warsaw University of Technology (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
12.  Kopeć M., Gorniewicz D., Jóźwiak S., Janiszewski J., Kowalewski Z.L., Microstructural evolution of 6061 aluminium alloy subjected to static and dynamic compression at low temperature, MRS Communications, ISSN: 2159-6867, DOI: 10.1557/s43579-023-00439-x, pp.1-8, 2023

Abstract:
In this research, an effect of low temperature on the mechanical properties and microstructure of 6061-T6 aluminium alloy (AA6061-T6) subjected to static and dynamic loading was investigated systematically. The specimens were subjected to compression at the temperature of − 80°C in a range of strain rates from 0.001 to 0.1 1/s under static conditions, and from 1250 to 3400 1/s under dynamic conditions to compare their mechanical responses. The deformation mechanisms were discussed based on EBSD analysis. It was found, that under both testing conditions, dynamic recovery was the dominant mechanism responsible for material deformation.

Affiliations:
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Gorniewicz D. - Military University of Technology (PL)
Jóźwiak S. - Military University of Technology (PL)
Janiszewski J. - Military University of Technology (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
13.  Barwińska I., Kopeć M., Kukla D., Senderowski C., Kowalewski Z.L., Thermal Barrier Coatings for High-Temperature Performance of Nickel-Based Superalloys: A Synthetic Review, Coatings, ISSN: 2079-6412, DOI: 10.3390/coatings13040769, Vol.13, No.4, pp.1-21, 2023

Abstract:
With the rising demands of industry to increase the working temperature of gas turbine blades and internal combustion engines, thermal barrier coatings (TBC) were found to be an effective way to further enhance the lifetime of aero components through the improvement of mechanical properties and oxidation-resistance. Thus, this paper aims to review coating technologies with special emphasis on plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings (PS), and those produced by physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods. Each technology was assessed in terms of its effectiveness to enhance the mechanical response and oxidation resistance of nickel-based parts working at high temperature. The effect of coating technology on mechanical strength, hardness, fatigue and creep of nickel alloys was discussed to reveal the potential candidates for future applications in aggressive environments

Keywords:
high temperature corrosion, fatigue, creep, aggressive environment, turbine blade

Affiliations:
Barwińska I. - IPPT PAN
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Kukla D. - IPPT PAN
Senderowski C. - other affiliation
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
14.  Barwińska I., Kopeć M., Kukla D., Łazińska M., Sitek R., Kowalewski Z., Effect of Aluminizing on the Fatigue and High-Temperature Corrosion Resistance of Inconel 740 Nickel Alloy, The Journal of The Minerals, ISSN: 1047-4838, DOI: 10.1007/s11837-022-05662-w, Vol.75, No.2, pp.1-13, 2023

Abstract:
The fatigue response and high-temperature corrosion resistance of Inconel 740 nickel alloy in its as-received state, and the same material with aluminized surface layer, were investigated. The aluminized layer was applied by using the chemical vapor deposition process with the participation of AlCl3 vapors under a hydrogen protective atmosphere at a temperature of 1040°C for 8 h and internal pressure of 150 hPa. The microstructure of the aluminized layer was characterized through scanning electron microscopy and x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis. It was found that Inconel 740 with an aluminized surface exhibited an improved hardness and fatigue response of 100 MPa in the whole range of stress amplitudes from 350 MPa to 650 MPa. Additionally, the application of the aluminization process enhanced service life as well as the corrosion resistance of the alloy in question and effectively protected it against high-temperature corrosion.

Affiliations:
Barwińska I. - IPPT PAN
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Kukla D. - IPPT PAN
Łazińska M. - Military University of Technology (PL)
Sitek R. - Warsaw University of Technology (PL)
Kowalewski Z. - IPPT PAN
15.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Brodecki A., Makowska K., Badania zmęczeniowe materiałów i elementów konstrukcyjnych jako ciągle aktualne wyzwanie współczesnego inżyniera, Przegląd Techniczny, ISSN: 0137-8783, Vol.7, pp.26-32, 2023

Abstract:
W artykule przedstawiono wybrane aspekty programów badawczych dotyczących zmęczenia materiałów i elementów konstrukcyjnych. Zaprezentowano projekty najczęściej stosowanych próbek. Omówiono szczegóły techniczne prowadzenia badań gotowych wyrobów (z przeznaczeniem dla przemysłu motoryzacyjnego). Podkreślono także postęp w badaniach zmęczeniowych, dzięki wprowadzeniu nowoczesnych technik optycznych. Ponieważ równie istotnym elementem badań zmęczeniowych jest ocena zmian strukturalnych na poziomie mikro, tego typu testy omówiono na przykładzie analizy strukturalnej prób przeprowadzonych dla złączy spawanych ze stali wysokowytrzymałej S700MC, zaczepów kulowych oraz śrub wytrzymałościowych.

Keywords:
zmęczenie materiałów, techniki optyczne, próby wytrzymałościowe, fraktografia

Affiliations:
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Makowska K. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
16.  Kopeć M., Garbacz G., Brodecki A., Kowalewski Z.L., Metric entropy and digital image correlation in deformation dynamics analysis of fibre glass reinforced composite under uniaxial tension, MEASUREMENT, ISSN: 0263-2241, DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2022.112196, Vol.205, No.112196, pp.1-6, 2022

Abstract:
This paper proposes a combined method for the mechanical properties assessment of composite materials based on the analysis of the internal dynamics of raw data from uniaxial tensile tests. Determination of the Kolmogorov-Sinai (K-S) metric entropy from the recorded data enables to find the tensile strength of materials. The correctness of the methodology proposed was verified by the full filed DIC measurements. Therefore, the main aim of this research was to apply independent measurement tools in the analysis of the non-linear dynamics supported by their mutual validation. The experimental program carried out on the glass fibre-based thermoplastic Elium acrylic composite and E752 Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy (CFRE) composite confirmed the high suitability of the presented methodology in ultimate tensile stress identification, and thus, its great applicability potential in many aspects of the contemporary engineering.

Keywords:
Digital image correlation (DIC), Kolmogorov-Sinai metric entropy, Mechanical properties, Glass fibre composites

Affiliations:
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Garbacz G. - other affiliation
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
17.  Serjouei A., Libura T., Brodecki A., Radziejewska J., Broniszewska P., Pawłowski P., Szymczak T., Bodaghi M., Kowalewski Z.L., Strength-hardness relationship for AlSi10Mg alloy produced by laser powder bed fusion: An experimental study, MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING, ISSN: 0921-5093, DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2022.144345, Vol.861, No.144345, pp.1-13, 2022

Abstract:
In this work, significant strength and ductility variations are reported for AlSi10Mg parts fabricated at different orientations using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). Hardness and surface roughness of the specimens at different orientations were measured. Tensile testing together with digital image correlation technique were conducted on the specimens. XY specimens showed the highest yield stress and ultimate tensile strength while XZ specimens showed the highest ductility. Hardness measurements for different specimens were in accordance with the tensile test results, following the same order as the UTS values, XY specimens being the highest and XY-45° (out-of-plane) specimens being the lowest. Fractography of the broken surfaces of the specimens under tensile testing revealed the microstructural features and various defects in the tensile fracture. The anisotropy in mechanical properties is attributed to the microstructural anisotropy as well as presence of various types of defects induced by the AM process, which affects the deformation and failure mechanism of the parts. Linear relationships between experimental Vickers hardness versus yield stress and UTS measurements were developed. In case of material selection for different applications, these relationships can be used as a simple tool for converting hardness and yield stress (or UTS) values to each other. An equivalent strain-hardness relationship was also proposed which can be used for health monitoring of parts subject to tensile loading.

Keywords:
Laser powder bed fusion, Hardness, Mechanical properties, Defects, Microstructure

Affiliations:
Serjouei A. - University of Derby (GB)
Libura T. - IPPT PAN
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Radziejewska J. - IPPT PAN
Broniszewska P. - IPPT PAN
Pawłowski P. - IPPT PAN
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Bodaghi M. - other affiliation
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
18.  Szymczak T., Brodecki A., Kowalewski Z.L., Rudnik D., Mechanical investigations supported by DIC of structural components intended for operation, Scientific Reports, ISSN: 2045-2322, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22615-0, Vol.12, No.19148, pp.1-12, 2022

Abstract:
The paper deals with experimental attempts for determination of the mechanical resistance of various components subjected to static loading by analysis of displacement values in a 3D coordinate system using a non-contact testing method. The problem is studied on the basis of results from tests of the wheelchair and SUV’s wheel, supported by means of a PONTOS 5M Digital Image Correlation (DIC) system enabling determination of the patterns deflection at discretised facet measuring zones of an element. The objects tested extend a knowledge on the components’ behaviour under static loading within their loading capacity. Data collected in the experiments are expressed by variations of the resultant vector of deflection in the 3D coordinate system and images under loading and unloading stages as well. The results enabled to indicate the weakest zone in the wheelchair and to express an influence of the foot tire on the rim edge, giving necessary knowledge on the mechanical resistance of tested components. In case of the wheelchair a rear side and axle represent the weakest regions, while for the wheel a rim edge is the most loading sensitive region on the tire guard with respect to safety of the operational process. All data captured by DIC system as a function of time can be directly used for modelling and improving a suitability of the selected components since they can be employed as the limit levels during determination of safety factor. The experimental approach applied to the SUV wheel investigation can be also used as a procedure for wheels of other type vehicles tested either in laboratories of research institutions or technical universities.

Affiliations:
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Rudnik D. - IPPT PAN
19.  Nowak Z., Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T., Low velocity perforation of thick magnesium alloy AM60 plates impacted by rigid conical-nose impactor, ARCHIVES OF CIVIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, ISSN: 1644-9665, DOI: 10.1007/s43452-022-00525-2, Vol.23, No.5, pp.1-20, 2022

Abstract:
The impact resistance behaviour of the plate made of the AM60 magnesium alloy at the low velocity impact perforation mode is here investigated at room temperature using a numerical approach based on experimental results. Dynamic tests were performed using an impact digital tower on the 10.0 mm thick AM60 magnesium alloy plates using cylindrical impactors with conical-nose shapes of a nominal diameter of 12.0 mm, and a nominal mass of 5.77 kg. The plates were impacted with velocities ranging from 7 to 16 m/s. During the experiments, the failure of the target plates was evaluated. Finite element (FE) model was validated using experimental results. FE simulations of the conducted experiments were performed with ABAQUS software. In simulations the strain rate dependent Johnson–Cook yield criterion with a strain hardening law was accompanied with either the ductile fracture criterion or stress triaxiality-dependent JC fracture criterion to describe the target material properties. The stress and strain distributions for different impactor velocity considered were calculated using initial impact velocity data obtained from the experiments. A range of parameters, like element size, the fracture initiation strain, friction coefficient, etc. which play an important role in the simulation, were studied. The results of numerical simulation were compared with those from the experiment obtained. A good agreement between them was achieved. The failure process of AM60 target-plate revealed that in the case of the conical-nose impactor, the ductile hole enlargement occurs during the initial stage of the impact, and subsequently, a through-thickness fracture develops causing its shear plugging failure.

Keywords:
AM60 magnesium alloy, Room temperature impact drop-weight tower experiment, Conical-shape impactor, Numerical study of perforation process, Elastic-viscoplastic numerical analysis

Affiliations:
Nowak Z. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
20.  Kopeć M., Kowalewski Z.L., Deformation of thin metal and composite sheets by using anti-buckling fixture for large deformation under tension–compression cyclic loading, Thin-Walled Structures, ISSN: 0263-8231, DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2022.109886, Vol.180, pp.109886-1-5, 2022

Abstract:
In this paper, an anti-buckling fixture was proposed to assess the deformation characteristics of DP500 and DP980 dual-phase steels, and AZ31B magnesium composite under tension–compression cyclic loading. The advantage of the device lies in the possibility of monitoring friction between the specimen and supporting blocks during the test. In consequence, it allows to avoid an error during stress determination. The full cyclic loading capacity for each material can be executed at the displacement amplitude within the range ±2.5 mm which corresponds to the maximum strain amplitude of ±0.2 for the specimen with the gauge length of 21.5 mm. It is concluded, that the technique proposed is promising since the thin sheet material can be tested under tension–compression in a wide range of deformation without the buckling effect. Furthermore, useful data for modelling cyclic deformation behaviour for shell structures can be obtained.

Keywords:
buckling, cyclic loading, fixture, thin sheets, metal forming

Affiliations:
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
21.  Szczęsny G., Kopeć M., Politis D.J., Kowalewski Z.L., Łazarski A., Szolc T., A review on biomaterials for orthopaedic surgery and traumatology: from past to present, Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma15103622, Vol.15, No.10, pp.3622-1-20, 2022

Abstract:
The principal features essential for the success of an orthopaedic implant are its shape, dimensional accuracy, and adequate mechanical properties. Unlike other manufactured products, chemical stability and toxicity are of increased importance due to the need for biocompatibility over an implants life which could span several years. Thus, the combination of mechanical and biological properties determines the clinical usefulness of biomaterials in orthopaedic and musculoskeletal trauma surgery. Materials commonly used for these applications include stainless steel, cobalt-chromium and titanium alloys, ceramics, polyethylene, and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement. This study reviews the properties of commonly used materials and the advantages and disadvantages of each, with special emphasis on the sensitivity, toxicity, irritancy, and possible mutagenic and teratogenic capabilities. In addition, the production and final finishing processes of implants are discussed. Finally, potential directions for future implant development are discussed, with an emphasis on developing advanced personalised implants, according to a patient’s stature and physical requirements.

Keywords:
orthopaedic surgical procedures, biomaterials, implants, biocompatible materials, alloys, ceramic, polyethylene

Affiliations:
Szczęsny G. - Medical University of Warsaw (PL)
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Politis D.J. - Imperial College London (GB)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Łazarski A. - Medical University of Warsaw (PL)
Szolc T. - IPPT PAN
22.  Suchocki C., Kowalewski Z., A new method for identification of cyclic plasticity model parameters, ARCHIVES OF CIVIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, ISSN: 1644-9665, DOI: 10.1007/s43452-022-00388-7, Vol.22, pp.69-1-14, 2022

Abstract:
In this study, a new method for determining the material parameters of cyclic plasticity is presented. The method can be applied to evaluate the model parameters from any loading histories measured experimentally. The experimental data require basic processing only to be utilized. The method can be applied to calibrate the parameters of different elastoplastic models such as the Chaboche–Rousselier (Ch–R) constitutive equation or other model formulations which use different rules of isotropic hardening. The developed method was utilized to evaluate the material parameters of copper for a selected group of constitutive models. It is shown that among the considered model formulations a very good description of the mechanical properties of copper is achieved for the Ch–R model with two Voce terms used for simulating the isotropic hardening and two backstress variables utilized for capturing the kinematic hardening behavior. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that a model calibrated using the cyclic tension/compression data is able to properly capture the material response in torsion. Similarly, when the constitutive parameters are determined using the cyclic torsion data the model is able to properly reproduce the material behavior in tension/compression. It is concluded that for the considered type of constitutive equations the material parameters can be identified from a single mechanical test. The proposed methodology was validated using the relations derived analytically.

Keywords:
elastoplasticity, cyclic plasticity, Chaboche, material parameters

Affiliations:
Suchocki C. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z. - IPPT PAN
23.  Kopeć M., Gorniewicz D., Kukla D., Barwińska I., Jóźwiak S., Sitek R., Kowalewski Z.L., Effect of plasma nitriding process on the fatigue and high temperature corrosion resistance of Inconel 740H nickel alloy, ARCHIVES OF CIVIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, ISSN: 1644-9665, DOI: 10.1007/s43452-022-00381-0, pp.57-1-15, 2022

Abstract:
The paper presents a comparison of microhardness, fatigue and high temperature corrosion of Inconel 740H nickel alloy in its as-received state and the same material with nitrided surface layers. The nitrided layers were produced using traditional glow discharge nitriding (specimens nitriding on the cathode potential) and an active screen (specimens nitriding at the plasma potential). A microstructure of the layers was characterized through the scanning electron microscopy, X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Mechanical properties of the nitrided Inconel 740H alloy were examined using microhardness measurements and standard fatigue tests. It was found that Inconel 740H with a nitrided surface exhibited an improved fatigue response of 50 MPa in the whole range of stress amplitudes from 350 to 650 MPa and almost 325% increase of hardness for plasma modified surface and 250% for cathode modified surface. Additionally, the application of cathode nitriding enhanced the corrosion resistance of the alloy in question and effectively protected it against a high temperature oxidation.

Keywords:
nitriding, nickel alloys, coatings, fatigue, corrosion

Affiliations:
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Gorniewicz D. - Military University of Technology (PL)
Kukla D. - IPPT PAN
Barwińska I. - IPPT PAN
Jóźwiak S. - Military University of Technology (PL)
Sitek R. - Warsaw University of Technology (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
24.  Szczęsny G., Kopeć M., Szolc T., Kowalewski Z.L., Małdyk P., Deformation of the Titanium Plate Stabilizing the Lateral Ankle Fracture Due to Its Overloading in Case of the Young, Obese Patient: Case Report Including the Biomechanical Analysis, Diagnostics, ISSN: 2075-4418, DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12061479, Vol.12, No.6, pp.1479-1-10, 2022

Abstract:
The number of overweight and obese patients in developed countries is gradually increasing. It was reported that 1287 (64%) out of 2007 adults operated on in 2017 had a body mass index (BMI) greater than 25 kg/m2, and 26.4% even greater than 30, while the BMI of the most obese patient was as high as 57.6 kg/m2. Such distressing statistics raised an issue related to the inadequate durability of implants used for the fixation of bone fractures. Implants for the lower-extremity fractures may not be durable enough to fit the requirements of overweight and obese patients. This case report presents the history of a 23-year-old obese male with a BMI of 38.7, who bent the angularly stabile titanium plate stabilizing his broken lateral ankle and torn distal tibiofibular syndesmosis. Biomechanical analysis showed that the maximal static bending moment registered during one-leg standing was equal to 1.55 Nm. This value was circa one-third of the maximally admissible bending moment for this particular plate (5.34 Nm) that could be transmitted without its plastic deformation. Since dynamic forces exceed static ones several (3–12) times during typical activities, such as walking, climbing the stairs, running, and jumping, unpredictable forces may occur and increase the risk of loosening, bending, and even breaking implants. None of these situations should have occurred for the typical patient’s body mass of 75 kg, or even for the analyzed mass of the young patient (120 kg) who tried to avoid excessive loading during his daily routine. Subsequent implant bending and destabilization of the fracture shows that for the significantly high and still growing number of obese patients, a very strict physical regime should be recommended to prevent overabundant dynamic loads. On the other hand, the geometry of implants dedicated to these patients should be reconsidered.

Keywords:
ankle injuries surgery, bone plate, obesity, postoperative complications, implant failure

Affiliations:
Szczęsny G. - Medical University of Warsaw (PL)
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Szolc T. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Małdyk P. - Medical University of Warsaw (PL)
25.  Kopeć M., Kukla D., Kowalewski Z.L., Assessment of fatigue life of aluminized, coarse-grained MAR247 alloy supported by full-field espi measurements, JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED MECHANICS, ISSN: 1429-2955, DOI: 10.15632/jtam-pl/153041, Vol.60, No.4, pp.619-623, 2022

Abstract:
In this paper, fatigue performance of an aluminide layer coated, coarse-grained MAR247 nickel superalloy was monitored by using the full-field Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) method in the range of stress amplitude from 350MPa to 650MPa. It was found, that the ESPI method enables precise monitoring of the fatigue behaviour of coated MAR247 specimens since the area of potential failure was accurately indicated within the initial stage of fatigue damage development.

Keywords:
fatigue development, damage, nickel alloys, electronic speckle pattern interferometry

Affiliations:
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Kukla D. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
26.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z., The high-strength steel and its weld under impact, Materials Today: Proceedings, ISSN: 2214-7853, DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.03.369, Vol.62, pp.2554-2559, 2022

Abstract:
The paper presents the results of Charpy impact tests conducted on the S700MC steel and its weld under the range of impact energy amounts from 50 J to 300 J. The material responses in the form of accumulated energy, force, projectile velocity, and deflection versus time are determined and discussed in detail. Fracture zones were analyzed by means of the macro-photography technique giving their features such as a shape of cracks and type of damage (brittle or ductile). In case of the parent material and weld an influence of the impact energy amount on their properties was well visible. A significant change of the fracture zone features with the increase of the energy amount was observed during an examination of the steel. The weld fracture was less sensitive on the energy amount. Physical magnitudes for the steel and the weld expressed a 30% reduction of the accumulated energy in comparison of that for the joint observed. In the case of weld the values of projectile velocity exceeded those for the parent material obtained. Deflection courses of the parent material and weld tested were the same at the initial phase of the experiment, however, finally they were higher for the weld material. The data captured during this research enabled a technical quality examination of the welding joint tested.

Keywords:
High-strength steel,S700MC,Weld,Impact,Fracture,Degradation

Affiliations:
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z. - IPPT PAN
27.  Barwińska I., Kopeć M., Łazińska M., Brodecki A., Durejko T., Kowalewski Z.L., Three Point Bending of Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS) Repaired Inconel 625, Physical Science Forum, ISSN: 2673-9984, DOI: 10.3390/psf2022004001, Vol.4, No.1, pp.1-7, 2022

Abstract:
In this paper, the LENS technique with optimized parameters was applied to investigate the feasibility of Inconel 625 repair process. The process was performed on the substrate material heated to 300 ◦C at laser power of 550 W. Subsequently, the specimens were subjected to microhardness and three-point bending tests to assess the effectiveness of the repair system. The results showed that the mechanical properties of the Inconel 625 specimens repaired by using the LENS system were similar or even better than those of the substrate material.

Keywords:
LENS technology, Inconel alloys, repair process, additive manufacturing

Affiliations:
Barwińska I. - IPPT PAN
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Łazińska M. - Military University of Technology (PL)
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Durejko T. - Military University of Technology (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
28.  Barwińska I., Kopeć M., Łazińska M., Brodecki A., Durejko T., Kowalewski Z.L., Suitability of laser engineered net shaping technology for Inconel 625 based parts repair process, Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma14237302, Vol.14, No.23, pp.7302-1-14, 2021

Abstract:
In this paper, the Inconel 625 laser clads characterized by microstructural homogeneity due to the application of the Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS, Optomec, Albuquerque, NM, USA) technology were studied in detail. The optimized LENS process parameters (laser power of 550 W, powder flow rate of 19.9 g/min, and heating of the substrate to 300 °C) enabled to deposit defect-free laser cladding. Additionally, the laser clad was applied in at least three layers on the repairing place. The deposited laser clads were characterized by slightly higher mechanical properties in comparison to the Inconel 625 substrate material. Microscopic observations and X-ray Tomography (XRT, Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) confirmed, that the substrate and cladding interface zone exhibited a defect-free structure. Mechanical properties and flexural strength of the laser cladding were examined using microhardness and three-point bending tests. It was concluded, that the LENS technology could be successfully applied for the repair since a similar strain distribution was found after Digital Image Correlation measurements during three-point bending tests.

Keywords:
LENS technology, Inconel alloys, repair process, additive manufacturing

Affiliations:
Barwińska I. - IPPT PAN
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Łazińska M. - Military University of Technology (PL)
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Durejko T. - Military University of Technology (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
29.  Kopeć M., Brodecki A., Kukla D., Kowalewski Z.L., Suitability of DIC and ESPI optical methods for monitoring fatigue damage development in X10CrMoVNb9-1 power engineering steel, ARCHIVES OF CIVIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, ISSN: 1644-9665, DOI: 10.1007/s43452-021-00316-1, Vol.21, pp.167-1-13, 2021

Abstract:
The aim of this research was to compare the effectiveness of two different optical measurement techniques (digital image correlation—DIC and electronic speckle pattern interferometry—ESPI) during fatigue damage development monitoring in X10CrMoVNb9-1 (P91) power engineering steel for pipes. The specimens machined from the as-received pipe were subjected to fatigue loadings and monitored simultaneously using DIC and ESPI techniques. It was found that DIC technique, although characterised by lower resolution, was more effective than ESPI. DIC allows to monitor the fatigue behaviour of steel specimens and accurately indicate the area of potential failure even within the initial stage of fatigue damage development.

Keywords:
fatigue development, damage, P91 steel, digital image correlation (DIC), electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI)

Affiliations:
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Kukla D. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
30.  Libura T., Boumbimba R.M., Rusinek A., Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T., Gerard P., Effect of uniaxial fatigue aging and fabric orientation on low impact velocity response of glass fibers/elium acrylic composite laminates, Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma14154089, Vol.14, No.15, pp.4089-1-23, 2021

Abstract:
Impact resistance is one of the most critical features of composite structures, and therefore, its examination for a new material has a fundamental importance. This paper is devoted to the characterization of the fully recyclable thermoplastic ELIUM acrylic resin reinforced by glass fabric woven, which belongs to a new category of materials requiring advanced testing before their application in responsible elements of engineering structures. Its high strength, low weight as well as low production cost give excellent opportunities for its wide application in the automotive industry as a replacement of the thermoset-based laminates. The study presents an experimental work concerning the effect of damage due to low and high cyclic fatigue aging of two groups of specimens, first with the woven fabric orientations of [0°/90°]4 and secondly with [45°/45°]4, on the low impact velocity properties. The impact resistance was measured in terms of load peak, absorbed energy, penetration threshold and damage analysis. The low velocity impact results indicate that the uniaxial cyclic loading (fatigue aging) of the material leads to the reduction of impact resistance, especially at the high impact energy levels. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Computed Tomography (CT) scan observations reveal that the damage area grows with the increase of both strain amplitude and impact energy.

Keywords:
elium acrylic, glass fibers, composite laminates, fatigue aging, low impact velocity, damage

Affiliations:
Libura T. - IPPT PAN
Boumbimba R.M. - Université de Lorraine (FR)
Rusinek A. - other affiliation
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Gerard P. - ARKEMA, Groupement de Recherche de Lacq (FR)
31.  Kukla D., Kopeć M., Wang K., Senderowski C., Kowalewski Z.L., Nondestructive methodology for identification of local discontinuities in aluminide layer-coated Mar 247 during its fatigue performance, Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma14143824, Vol.14, No.14, pp.3824-1-13, 2021

Abstract:
In this paper, the fatigue performance of the aluminide layer-coated and as-received MAR 247 nickel superalloy with three different initial microstructures (fine grain, coarse grain and column-structured grain) was monitored using nondestructive, eddy current methods. The aluminide layers of 20 and 40 µm were obtained through the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process in the hydrogen protective atmosphere for 8 and 12 h at the temperature of 1040 °C and internal pressure of 150 mbar. A microstructure of MAR 247 nickel superalloy and the coating were characterized using light optical microscopy (LOM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). It was found that fatigue performance was mainly driven by the initial microstructure of MAR 247 nickel superalloy and the thickness of the aluminide layer. Furthermore, the elaborated methodology allowed in situ eddy current measurements that enabled us to localize the area with potential crack initiation and its propagation during 60,000 loading cycles.

Keywords:
chemical vapor deposition, nickel alloys, aluminide coatings, fatigue, eddy current

Affiliations:
Kukla D. - IPPT PAN
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Wang K. - Imperial College London (GB)
Senderowski C. - other affiliation
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
32.  Kopeć M., Brodecki A., Szczęsny G., Kowalewski Z.L., Microstructural analysis of fractured orthopedic implants, Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma14092209, Vol.14, No.9, pp.2209-1-17, 2021

Abstract:
In this paper, fracture behavior of four types of implants with different geometries (pure titanium locking plate, pure titanium femoral implant, Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy pelvic implant, X2CrNiMo18 14-3 steel femoral implant) was studied in detail. Each implant fractured in the human body. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the potential cause of implants fracture. It was found that the implants fracture mainly occurred in consequence of mechanical overloads resulting from repetitive, prohibited excessive limb loads or singular, un-intendent, secondary injures. Among many possible loading types, the implants were subjected to an excessive fatigue loads with additional interactions caused by screws that were mounted in their threaded holes. The results of this work enable to conclude that the design of orthopedic implants is not fully sufficient to transduce mechanical loads acting over them due to an increasing weight of treated patients and much higher their physical activity.

Keywords:
medical fixation devices, orthopedic prostheses and implants, titanium, titanium alloy, stainless steel, microscopic fracture analysis

Affiliations:
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Szczęsny G. - Medical University of Warsaw (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
33.  Frydrych K., Libura T., Kowalewski Z., Maj M., Kowalczyk-Gajewska K., On the role of slip, twinning and detwinning in magnesium alloy AZ31B sheet, MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING, ISSN: 0921-5093, DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2021.141152, Vol.813, pp.141151-1-14, 2021

Abstract:
The paper reports experimental and numerical study of different deformation mechanisms activated in the AZ31B mag nesium alloy sheet subjected to cyclic in-plane tensile – compressive deformation. The influence ofslip, twinning and detwinning upon the mechanical response and texture evolution of the material is thoroughly investigated. The regime of twinning and detwinning activity is assessed based on the variation of hardening modulus in the course of the process. Velocity-based large strain crystal plasticity model accounting for twinning and detwinning is formulated. The crystal plasticity model parameters are identified using the implementation of the evolutionary algorithm. Predicted activity of deformation mechanisms is discussed with respect to the experimental data.

Keywords:
twinning, detwinning, crystal plasticity, magnesium alloys, AZ31B, evolutionary algorithm

Affiliations:
Frydrych K. - IPPT PAN
Libura T. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z. - IPPT PAN
Maj M. - IPPT PAN
Kowalczyk-Gajewska K. - IPPT PAN
34.  Kopeć M., Kukla D., Brodecki A., Kowalewski Z.L., Effect of high temperature exposure on the fatigue damage development of X10CrMoVNb9-1 steel for power plant pipes, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, ISSN: 0308-0161, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpvp.2020.104282, Vol.189, pp.104282-1-16, 2021

Abstract:
The aim of this research was to compare the effect of 80 000 h exploitation time in high temperature on mechanical properties and microstructure of X10CrMoVNb9-1 (P91) power engineering steel for pipes. The specimens obtained from two pipes: new, as-received and after exploitation were subjected to fatigue loadings to compare their mechanical responses. Additionally, the uniaxial tensile tests on both types of P91 steel were performed. The microstructure evolution before and after deformation was monitored using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The time intensive, high temperature exposure of P91 power engineering steel led to significant phase transformation and subsequent deterioration of mechanical properties and was further described as a function of the fatigue damage measure, φ, and the fatigue damage parameter D. Further proposed methodology of power exponent approximation of the fatigue damage measure, φ, and fatigue damage parameter D, allowed to successfully determine the fatigue life of P91 steel.

Keywords:
fatigue development, damage, P91 steel, microstructure

Affiliations:
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Kukla D. - IPPT PAN
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
35.  Kopeć M., Kukla D., Yuan X., Rejmer W., Kowalewski Z.L., Senderowski C., Aluminide thermal barrier coating for high temperature performance of MAR 247 nickel based superalloy, Coatings, ISSN: 2079-6412, DOI: 10.3390/coatings11010048, Vol.11, No.1, pp.48-1-12, 2021

Abstract:
In this paper, mechanical properties of the as-received and aluminide layer coated MAR 247 nickel based superalloy were examined through creep and fatigue tests. The aluminide layer of 20 µm was obtained through the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process in the hydrogen protective atmosphere for 8 h at the temperature of 1040 °C and internal pressure of 150 mbar. A microstructure of the layer was characterized using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). It was found that aluminide coating improve the high temperature fatigue performance of MAR247 nickel based superalloy at 900 °C significantly. The coated MAR 247 nickel based superalloy was characterized by the stress amplitude response ranging from 350 MPa to 520 MPa, which is twice as large as that for the uncoated alloy.

Keywords:
chemical vapor deposition, nickel alloys, aluminide coatings, high temperature fatigue, creep

Affiliations:
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Kukla D. - IPPT PAN
Yuan X. - Imperial College London (GB)
Rejmer W. - other affiliation
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Senderowski C. - other affiliation
36.  Katz T., Mackiewicz S., Ranachowski Z., Kowalewski Z.L., Antolik Ł., Ultrasonic detection of transversal cracks in rail heads - theoretical approach, ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS (ROZPRAWY INŻYNIERSKIE), ISSN: 0867-888X, DOI: 10.24423/EngTrans.1695.20211220, Vol.69, No.4, pp.437-456, 2021

Abstract:
In the paper the calculation of ultrasonic field generated by the transmitting transducer and the energy of the beam returning after the reflection at the defect in the rail volume is presented. The focus of the authors is directed on the specific transducer - defect configurations where the common methods of determination of ultrasonic beam trajectory fails. To solve this problem the refraction effexts are studied and its impact is calculated.

Keywords:
non-destructive testing, rolling contact fatigue damage, ultrasound

Affiliations:
Katz T. - IPPT PAN
Mackiewicz S. - IPPT PAN
Ranachowski Z. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Antolik Ł. - Railway Research Institute (PL)
37.  Kopeć M., Jóźwiak S., Kowalewski Z.L., Fe-Al based composite reinforced with ultra-fine Al2O3 oxides for high temperature applications, JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED MECHANICS, ISSN: 1429-2955, DOI: 10.15632/jtam-pl/138322, Vol.59, No.3, pp.509-513, 2021

Abstract:
In this paper, an Fe-Al based composite reinforced with ultra-fine Al2O3 oxides was obtained through sintering of aluminium, iron and mullite ceramic powders using self-propagated high temperature synthesis (SHS). The powder mixture with a 50%wt. content of the ceramic reinforcement was cold pressed and subsequently subjected to the sintering process in vacuum at 1200◦C for 25 minutes under external loading of 25 kN. The complex microstructure of the Fe-Al matrix reinforced with ultra-fine Al2O3 oxides was found to be desired in high temperature applications since only 3% of the relative weight gain was observed after 100 hours of annealing at 900◦C.

Keywords:
cermet composites, reaction synthesis, powder methods, electron microscopy

Affiliations:
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Jóźwiak S. - Military University of Technology (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
38.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T., Ustrzycka A., Współczesna interferometria plamkowa na tropach przyczyn uszkodzeń pod wpływem obciążeń zmęczeniowych, Dozór Techniczny, ISSN: 0209-1763, Vol.4, pp.25-28, 2021
39.  Kowalewski Z.L., Kukla D., Szymczak T., Postępy w diagnostyce rozwoju uszkodzenia materiałów poddawanych symulowanym obciążeniom eksploatacyjnym – blaski i cienie, Dozór Techniczny, ISSN: 0209-1763, Vol.3, pp.12-16, 2021

Abstract:
Rozwój uszkodzeń wskutek obciążeń eksploatacyjnych w materiałach stosowanych w energetyce lub przemyśle motoryzacyjnym badany jest przy użyciu metod niszczących i nieniszczących. Wśród technik o charakterze niszczącym można wymienić testy zmęczeniowe lub próby pełzania, a nieniszczących metody ultradźwiękowe, magnetyczne, a ostatnio coraz częściej wykorzystywane nowatorskie techniki optyczne. W artykule przedstawiono zastosowanie technik optycznych, takich jak: cyfrowa korelacja obrazu (DIC) i elektroniczna interferometria plamkowa (ESPI) do monitorowania uszkodzeń zmęczeniowych z uwagi na ich dużą przydatność w skutecznej identyfikacji miejsc inicjacji uszkodzenia i jego rozwoju.

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Kukla D. - IPPT PAN
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
40.  Szymczak T., Makowska K., Kowalewski Z.L., Influence of the Welding Process on the Mechanical Characteristics and Fracture of the S700MC High Strength Steel under Various Types of Loading, Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma13225249, Vol.13, No.22, pp.5249-1-17, 2020

Abstract:
This paper focuses on the mechanical properties analysis of the high strength S700MC steel applied in welding joints. The research comprised mechanical tests for checking what the changes of tensile characteristics, mechanical parameters, resistance to impact, and fracture toughness look like in selected regions of the welding joint. Stress-strain curves have shown significant differences in the tensile characteristic shape and the values of Young's modulus, yield stress, ultimate tensile strength, and ductility due to the welding process applied. In the case of Charpy tests, the courses of the accumulated energy, force, deflection, and project velocity are presented, indicating the maximum value of absorbed energy, the same level of force during the first contact of the projectile with the specimens, and the significant variation of the velocity for the impact energy ranging from 50 J up to 300 J. On the basis of the fracture toughness tests, the distributions of the CTOD (Crack Tip Opening Displacement) values are presented for the parent material, HAZ (Heat Affected Zone) and weld. Moreover, the characteristic features of the fatigue pre-crack, transient and crack propagation zones are identified and discussed.

Keywords:
high strength steel, weld, HAZ, tensile curve, impact, fracture toughness, CTOD, fractography, S700MC

Affiliations:
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Makowska K. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
41.  Kukla D., Kopeć M., Kowalewski Z.L., Politis D.J., Jóźwiak S., Senderowski C., Thermal barrier stability and wear behavior of CVD deposited aluminide coatings for MAR 247 nickel superalloy, Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma13173863, Vol.13, No.17, pp.3863-1-11, 2020

Abstract:
In this paper, aluminide coatings of various thicknesses and microstructural uniformity obtained using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) were studied in detail. The optimized CVD process parameters of 1040 °C for 12 h in a protective hydrogen atmosphere enabled the production of high density and porosity-free aluminide coatings. These coatings were characterized by beneficial mechanical features including thermal stability, wear resistance and good adhesion strength to MAR 247 nickel superalloy substrate. The microstructure of the coating was characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Mechanical properties and wear resistance of aluminide coatings were examined using microhardness, scratch test and standardized wear tests, respectively. Intermetallic phases from the Ni-Al system at specific thicknesses (20-30 µm), and the chemical and phase composition were successfully evaluated at optimized CVD process parameters. The optimization of the CVD process was verified to offer high performance coating properties including improved heat, adhesion and abrasion resistance.

Keywords:
chemical vapor deposition, nickel alloys, coatings, X-ray analysis

Affiliations:
Kukla D. - IPPT PAN
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Politis D.J. - Imperial College London (GB)
Jóźwiak S. - Military University of Technology (PL)
Senderowski C. - other affiliation
42.  Kopeć M., Jóźwiak S., Kowalewski Z.L., A novel microstructural evolution model for growth of ultra-fine Al2O3 oxides from SiO2 silica ceramic decomposition during self-propagated high-temperature synthesis, Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma13122821, Vol.13, No.12, pp.2821-1-11, 2020

Abstract:
In this paper, experimental verification of the microstructural evolution model during sintering of aluminum, iron and particulate mullite ceramic powders using self-propagated high-temperature synthesis (SHS) was performed. The powder mixture with 20% wt. content of reinforcing ceramic was investigated throughout this research. The mixed powders were cold pressed and sintered in a vacuum at 1030 °C. The SHS reaction between sintered feed powders resulted in a rapid temperature increase from the heat generated. The temperature increase led to the melting of an aluminum-based metallic liquid. The metallic liquid infiltrated the porous SiO2 ceramics. Silicon atoms were transited into the intermetallic iron-aluminum matrix. Subsequently, a ternary matrix from the Fe-Al-Si system was formed, and synthesis of the oxygen and aluminum occurred. Synthesis of both these elements resulted in formation of new, fine Al2O3 precipitates in the volume of matrix. The proposed microstructural evolution model for growth of ultra-fine Al2O3 oxides from SiO2 silica ceramic decomposition during SHS was successfully verified through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD).

Keywords:
intermetallics, powder methods, electron microscopy, X-ray analysis

Affiliations:
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Jóźwiak S. - Military University of Technology (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
43.  Ustrzycka A., Mróz Z., Kowalewski Z.L., Kucharski S., Analysis of fatigue crack initiation in cyclic microplasticity regime, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FATIGUE, ISSN: 0142-1123, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2019.105342, Vol.131, pp.105342-1-15, 2020

Abstract:
The present work provides description of fatigue crack initiation in metals subjected to cyclic loading within the nominal elastic or initial elastic-plastic regimes next passing to elastic response during cyclic deformation and shake down process. It is assumed that damage growth proceeds due to action of local stress, specified as the sum of mean stress and its fluctuations induced by material inhomogeneities such as grain boundaries, inclusions, cavities, boundary asperities, also due to design notches or holes introduced into the element. The damage growth model is proposed, based on the critical plane concept. The macrocrack initiation then corresponds to a critical value of accumulated damage. The modelling of damage growth is supported by Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) apparatus using the coherent laser light. The damage growth effect is analysed by microindentation tests. The fatigue tests are performed for high strength steel specimens with central hole.

Keywords:
fatigue crack initiation, micro-plasticity, damage evolution, optical ESPI method, micro indentation

Affiliations:
Ustrzycka A. - IPPT PAN
Mróz Z. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Kucharski S. - IPPT PAN
44.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Strength tests of polymer-glass composite to evaluate its operational suitability for ballistic shield plates, EKSPLOATACJA I NIEZAWODNOŚĆ - MAINTENANCE AND RELIABILITY, ISSN: 1507-2711, DOI: 10.17531/ein.2020.4.2, Vol.22, No.4, pp.592-600, 2020

Abstract:
The paper concerns the study of polymer-glass composite under tensile loading in order to determine changes in the tensile characteristics. Mechanical properties and features of damage zones important for operation and assessment of the technical conditions of the components made of this material are considered. Selected details of the experimental technique used are presented. The tensile characteristics of the polymer-glass composite are given. They were determined using specimens taken from various directions, with the main focus on the Young's modulus, elastic limit, yield point and ultimate tensile strength. An influence of the number of reinforcement layers, percentage content of the glass fibres as well as the resin quantity, on the mechanical parameters, are discussed.

Keywords:
composite, reinforcement, anisotropy, tensile curve, mechanical properties, structure, degradation, cracking, delamination

Affiliations:
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
45.  Golasiński K.M., Pieczyska E.A., Maj M., Mackiewicz S., Staszczak M., Kowalewski Z.L., Urbański L., Zubko M., Takesue N., Anisotropy of gum metal analysed by ultrasonic measurement and digital image correlation, MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, ISSN: 0267-0836, DOI: 10.1080/02670836.2019.1629539, Vol.36, No.9, pp.996-1002, 2020

Abstract:
The mechanical anisotropy of a multifunctional titanium alloy, Gum Metal, is investigated in this paper. The structural characterisation showed a strong <110> texture for Gum Metal, that is a result of the cold-swaging process applied during its manufacture. Gum Metal was treated as a transversally isotropic solid because of this texture. A significant difference from Young's moduli of the alloy was detected from the ultrasonic measurement of parallel and perpendicular directions to the alloy swaging direction. Samples of Gum Metal cubes were compressed in two different orientations. During the deformation process, two perpendicular walls of each sample were monitored by two visible range cameras for further two-dimensional digital image correlation analysis, this confirmed a strong plastic anisotropy in Gum Metal.

Keywords:
gum metal, compression, mechanical anisotropy, digital image correlation, ultrasonic measurement, texture, titanium alloy, full-field deformation measurement

Affiliations:
Golasiński K.M. - IPPT PAN
Pieczyska E.A. - IPPT PAN
Maj M. - IPPT PAN
Mackiewicz S. - IPPT PAN
Staszczak M. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Urbański L. - IPPT PAN
Zubko M. - other affiliation
Takesue N. - Fukuoka University (JP)
46.  Szymczak T., Makowska K., Kowalewski Z.L., Lasota P., An influence of impact energy on magnesium alloy behaviour, International Journal of Mechanics and Materials in Design, ISSN: 1569-1713, DOI: 10.1007/s10999-019-09461-1, Vol.16, No.1, pp.139-153, 2020

Abstract:
The paper reports experimental results describing behaviour of the AM60 magnesium alloy under impact test. The material was examined at energy in the range from 170 to 690 J, using impact tower with the projectile of conical shape. Results are presented in a form of variations of accumulated energy, force, projectile velocity and its displacement versus time. The characteristic features appearing in courses of force and accumulated energy are illustrated. Fractography and microstructure of damage zones for distinguishing the alloy degradation are shown. The fracture regions of the material examined are represented by cracks and plug-shaped deformation.

Keywords:
magnesium alloy, impact, projectile, perforation, fractography, microstructure

Affiliations:
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Makowska K. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Lasota P. - other affiliation
47.  Makowska K., Kowalewski Z.L., Variation of Barkhausen noise, magnetic and crystal structure of ferromagnetic medium-carbon steel after different loading processes, PHYSICS OF METALS AND METALLOGRAPHY, ISSN: 0031-918X, DOI: 10.1134/S0031918X20020118, Vol.121, No.2, pp.115-122, 2020

Abstract:
The article presents variations of rms Barkhausen noise envelopes in the medium-carbon steel used in automotive and power industry. The material was subjected to different loading processes: monotonic loading at room temperature, and constant loading at elevated temperature. The first one enforced a plastic deformation, whereas the second one a creep. The changes of Barkhausen signal were analysed using microstructural observations including X-ray measurements. In the second part of the paper, the magnetic structure and pinning effect were illustrated by means of the Lorentz microscopy.

Keywords:
Barkhausen noise, magnetic structure, plastic deformation, creep, dislocation density

Affiliations:
Makowska K. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
48.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Brodecki A., Testy stanowiskowe w ocenie trwałości zmęczeniowej podzespołów motoryzacyjnych, Dozór Techniczny, ISSN: 0209-1763, Vol.1, pp.24-34, 2020

Abstract:
W pracy omówiono przyczyny występowania uszkodzeń i ich rodzaje. Zawarto cechy charakterystyczne przełomów zmęczeniowych w odniesieniu do wskazania przyczyn ich występowania. Zaprezentowano wybrane stanowiska badawcze do testowania podzespołów motoryzacyjnych i ich wersje modułowe – wyposażane w specjalistyczne komory oraz rekonfigurowalne – zawierające gabarytową płytę montażową. Przedstawiono szczegóły testów stanowiskowych komponentów pojazdów specjalnych, jak ramy wychylne oraz stałe, w tym wykonane ze stali wysokowytrzymałej S700MC. Zaprezentowano charakterystyki naprężenie-odkształcenie, parametry mechaniczne oraz krzywe Wöhlera wymienionego rodzaju materiału w stanie dostawy i po spawaniu.

Affiliations:
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
49.  Wood P., Libura T., Kowalewski Z.L., Williams G., Serjouei A., Influences of horizontal and vertical build orientations and post-fabrication processes on the fatigue behavior of stainless steel 316L produced by selective laser melting, Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma12244203, Vol.12, No.24, pp.4203-1-19, 2019

Abstract:
In this paper, the influences of build orientation and post-fabrication processes, including stress-relief, machining, and shot-peening, on the fatigue behavior of stainless steel (SS) 316L manufactured using selective laser melting (SLM) are studied. It was found that horizontally-built (XY) and machined (M) test pieces, which had not been previously studied in the literature, in both stress-relieved (SR) or non-stress-relieved (NSR) conditions show superior fatigue behavior compared to vertically-built (ZX) and conventionally-manufactured SS 316L. The XY, M, and SR (XY-M-SR) test pieces displayed fatigue behavior similar to the XY-M-NSR test pieces, implying that SR does not have a considerable effect on the fatigue behavior of XY and M test pieces. ZX-M-SR test pieces, due to their considerably lower ductility, exhibited significantly larger scatter and a lower fatigue strength compared to ZX-M-NSR samples. Shot-peening (SP) displayed a positive effect on improving the fatigue behavior of the ZX-NSR test pieces due to a compressive stress of 58 MPa induced on the surface of the test pieces. Fractography of the tensile and fatigue test pieces revealed a deeper understanding of the relationships between the process parameters, microstructure, and mechanical properties for SS 316L produced by laser systems. For example, fish-eye fracture pattern or spherical stair features were not previously observed or explained for cyclically-loaded SLM-printed parts in the literature. This study provides comprehensive insight into the anisotropy of the static and fatigue properties of SLM-printed parts, as well as the pre- and post-fabrication parameters that can be employed to improve the fatigue behavior of steel alloys manufactured using laser systems.

Keywords:
selective laser melting, stainless steel 316L, fatigue, defect, fracture

Affiliations:
Wood P. - University of Derby (GB)
Libura T. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Williams G. - University of Derby (GB)
Serjouei A. - University of Derby (GB)
50.  Dunić V., Pieczyska E.A., Kowalewski Z.L., Matsui R., Slavković R., Experimental and numerical investigation of mechanical and thermal effects in TiNi SMA during transformation-induced creep phenomena, Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma12060883, Vol.12, No.6, pp.883-1-13, 2019

Abstract:
The paper presents experimental and numerical results of the TiNi shape memory alloy (SMA) subjected to a modified program of force-controlled tensile loading. The time-dependent development of transformation strain under the constant-force conditions was investigated to describe transformation-induced creep phenomena. (2) Mechanical characteristics of the TiNi SMA were derived using a testing machine, whereas the SMA temperature changes accompanying its deformation were obtained in a contactless manner with an infrared camera. A 3D coupled thermo-mechanical numerical analysis, realized in a partitioned approach, was applied to describe the SMA mechanical and thermal responses. (3) The stress and related temperature changes demonstrated how the transformation-induced creep process started and evolved at various stages of the SMA loading. The proposed model reproduced the stress, strain and temperature changes obtained during the experiment well; the latent heat production is in correlation with the amount of the martensitic volume fraction. (4) It was demonstrated how the transformation-induced creep process occurring in the SMA under such conditions was involved in thermo-mechanical couplings and the related temperature changes.

Keywords:
TiNi shape memory alloy, phase transformation-induced creep, martensitic transformation, temperature change, thermomechanical couplings, infrared camera, thermo-mechanical coupled numerical analysis

Affiliations:
Dunić V. - University of Kragujevac (XS)
Pieczyska E.A. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Matsui R. - Aichi Institute of Technology (JP)
Slavković R. - University of Kragujevac (XS)
51.  Szymczak T., Brodecki A., Kowalewski Z.L., Makowska K., Tow truck frame made of high strength steel under cyclic loading, Materials Today: Proceedings, ISSN: 2214-7853, DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.03.115, Vol.12, pp.207-212, 2019

Abstract:
The paper presents experimental results from test on tow truck frame made of the high strength steel S700MC subjected to fatigue loading. The mounting manner of the frame with anti-vibration platform and connection with a coupling ball to apply the loading are presented. Cracks features captured by means of macrophotography and microscopic observations are illustrated. Reasons for the crack occurrence are discussed by the use of fractography, hardness tests, microstructural analysis of the parent material, Heat Affected Zone and weld.

Keywords:
cyclic loading, fatigue, fracture, crack, higth strength steel, hardness, microstructure, welding, HAZ

Affiliations:
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Makowska K. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
52.  Pieczyska E.A., Golasiński K.M., Maj M., Staszczak M., Kowalewski Z.L., Furuta T., Kuramoto S., Yielding and strain localization effects in gum metal - a unique Ti alloy - investigated by digital image correlation and infrared thermography, Materials Today: Proceedings, ISSN: 2214-7853, DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.03.119, Vol.12, pp.235-238, 2019

Abstract:
The research concerns investigation of yielding and developing of the strain localization in new β-Ti alloy characterized by unique elastic-plastic properties, named Gum Metal. The alloy was subjected to tension on testing machine at three various strain rates up to rupture. Digital image correlation and infrared thermography were applied to analyze the experimental results. Strain distributions were determined on the basis of digital image correlation algorithm. The related temperature variations were found in contactless manner using infrared thermography. Mechanical and the corresponding thermal data were used to study the Gum Metal large nonlinear reversible deformation and localization effects.

Keywords:
gum metal, tension, large nonlinear elastic deformation, thermomechanical couplings, temperature change, digital image correlation

Affiliations:
Pieczyska E.A. - IPPT PAN
Golasiński K.M. - IPPT PAN
Maj M. - IPPT PAN
Staszczak M. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Furuta T. - Toyota Central Research & Development Laboratories (JP)
Kuramoto S. - Ibaraki University Japan (JP)
53.  Piotrowski L., Chmielewski M., Kowalewski Z.L., On the application of magnetoelastic properties measurements for plastic level determination in martensitic steels, Journal of Electrical Engineering-Elektrotechnicky Casopis, ISSN: 1335-3632, Vol.69, No.6, pp.502-506, 2018

Abstract:
The change in the dislocation density, induced by plastic deformation, influences strongly the magnetic domain structure inside the material. Being so, classic parameters, like the coercivity or magnetic permeability, can be a good measure of the deformation level, yet their reliable determination in a non-destructive way in industrial environment is problematic. The magnetoacoustic emission (MAE) which results from the non-180o domain walls (DW) movement in materials with non-zero magnetostriction can be used as an alternative. The intensity of the MAE signal changes strongly as a result of plastic deformation for both tensile and compressive deformation. It is however possible to discern those cases by analysing the changes in the shape of the MAE signal envelopes. The set of the martensitic steel samples (P91) deformed up to 10 % (for both tension and compression) was investigated. Due to geometrical limitations imposed by the special mounting system, enabling compression of the samples without buckling, had the shape resulting in low signal to noise (S/N) ratio. Being so the optimization of FFT filtering and wavelet analysis was performed in order to improve sensitivity of the proposed method of deformation level determination.

Keywords:
magnetic flux leakage, nondestructive testing, wavelet transform

Affiliations:
Piotrowski L. - Gdansk University of Technology (PL)
Chmielewski M. - Gdańsk University of Technology (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
54.  Makowska K., Brodecki A., Mackiewicz S., Kowalewski Z.L., Damage development of inconel 718 due to laboratory simulated creep, JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED MECHANICS, ISSN: 1429-2955, DOI: 10.15632/jtam-pl.56.3.893, Vol.56, No.3, pp.893-896, 2018

Abstract:
The paper presents an attempt of application of the acoustic birefringence coefficient for early stage degradation assessment of Inconel 718 nickel superalloy after short-term creep. It is shown that it can serve as a good damage sensitive parameter and, moreover, it can be well correlated with hardness variation.

Keywords:
creep, nickel superalloy, microstructure, pre-deformation, hardness, acoustic birefringence

Affiliations:
Makowska K. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Mackiewicz S. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
55.  Brodecki A., Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Digital image correlation technique as a tool for kinematics assessment of structural components, ACTA MECHANICA ET AUTOMATICA, ISSN: 1898-4088, DOI: 10.2478/ama-2018-0016, Vol.12, No.2, pp.101-104, 2018

Abstract:
The paper reports the results of tests carried out for kinematic properties determination of components under cyclic loading. DIC system called 5M PONTOS was employed to follow variations of displacement versus time. It was conducted by the use of markers stuck on selected sections of components tested. The results are presented in 2D and 3D coordinate systems expressing behaviour of such elements as: mechanical coupling device, boat frame and car engine. These data enabled to capture weak and strong sections of the component examined at various loading conditions.

Keywords:
Digital Image Correlation System, Cyclic Loading, PONTOS, Motion, Displacement, 3D Coordinate System

Affiliations:
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
56.  Makowska K., Kowalewski Z.L., Dudda W., Ziółkowski P., Badur J., Badania mikrostruktury i poziomu szumu Barkhausena eksploatowanych łopatek turbiny, ENERGETYKA, PROBLEMY ENERGETYKI I GOSPODARKI PALIWOWO-ENERGETYCZNEJ, ISSN: 0013-7294, Vol.773, No.11, pp.627-629, 2018
57.  Szymczak T., Brodecki A., Kowalewski Z.L., Lasota P., Ocena trwałości zmęczeniowej końcówki drążka kierowniczego, TRANSPORT SAMOCHODOWY, ISSN: 1731-2795, Vol.2, pp.63-72, 2018

Abstract:
W pracy zaprezentowano wyniki badań trwałościowych końcówki drążka kierowniczego pojazdu o dmc powyżej 3.5 tony. W badaniach wykorzystywano wielkogabarytową platformę wibroizolowaną, serwohydrauliczny siłownik mobilny oraz cyfrowy kontroler sygnałów IST Instron. Próby prowadzono w warunkach działania obciążenia zmiennego cyklicznie do uzyskania 2×106 cykli. Ze względu na kompleksową ocenę zachowania końcówki drążka kierowniczego testy przerywano, by wykonywać oględziny obiektu badań. Wyznaczono zmiany kąta wychylenia oraz momentu siły w funkcji liczby cykli oraz przedstawiono ich prognozę. Omówiono procedurę badawczą służącą ocenie trwałości przegubu kulistego.

Keywords:
przegub, zmęczenie, obciążenie zmienne cyklicznie, liczba cykli, trwałość, pęknięcie

Affiliations:
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Lasota P. - other affiliation
58.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Właściwości mechaniczne wybranych kompozytów oraz metody oceny ich zniszczenia – cz. 1, Materiały Kompozytowe, ISSN: 2084-1949, Vol.2, pp.48-52, 2018
59.  Makowska K., Piotrowski L., Kowalewski Z.L., Prediction of the Mechanical Properties of P91 Steel by Means of Magneto-acoustic Emission and Acoustic Birefringence, JOURNAL OF NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, ISSN: 0195-9298, DOI: 10.1007/s10921-017-0421-9, Vol.36, No.2, pp.43-1-10, 2017

Abstract:
The paper describes an application of non-destructive volumetric magnetic and ultrasonic techniques for evaluation of the selected mechanical parameter variations of P91 steel having direct influence on its suitability for further use in critical components used in power plants. Two different types of deformation processes were carried out. First, a series of the P91 steel specimens was subjected to creep and second, one to plastic deformation in order to achieve the material with an increasing strain level up to 10%. Subsequently, non-destructive and destructive tests were performed. Magnetic methods based on measurements of magnetoacoustic emission and magnetic hysteresis loop changes as well as the ultrasonic method based on acoustic birefringence measurements, were applied. Finally, the static tensile tests were carried out in order to evaluate the mechanical parameters. It is shown that some relationships between the selected parameters coming from the non-destructive and destructive tests may be formulated.

Keywords:
Creep, Plastic deformation, Acoustic birefringence, Magnetoacoustic emission, Magnetic hysteresis loop

Affiliations:
Makowska K. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Piotrowski L. - Gdansk University of Technology (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
60.  Piotrowski L., Chmielewski M., Kowalewski Z.L., The Dominant Influence of Plastic Deformation Induced Residual Stress on the Barkhausen Effect Signal in Martensitic Steels, JOURNAL OF NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, ISSN: 0195-9298, DOI: 10.1007/s10921-016-0389-x, Vol.36, pp.10-1-8, 2017

Abstract:
The paper presents the results of investigation of the influence of plastic deformation on the magnetic properties of martensitic steel (P91 grade). The properties of the hysteresis loops as well as of the Barkhausen effect (BE) signal are analysed for both tensile and compressive loading up to ε=10% of plastic deformation. The choice of the steel and of the deformation range is unique, since for such combination one can expect high residual stresses (both compressive and tensile) in the material that does not exhibit saturation of the BE intensity as a function of elastic stress. The obtained relationships show that for the low level of deformation the dislocation density changes may play a dominant role, yet for higher deformation level the residual stress becomes a dominant factor. It leads to the strong decrease of the BE signal for tensile deformation and an increase for the case of compression. It agrees well with the assumption that the tensile plastic deformation results in the compressive stresses appearance in the soft (magnetically active) sub-regions of the material whereas for the compression one can expect a residual stress of a tensile nature in those areas. Both deformation modes result in the increase of coercivity of the samples, yet the increase observed for the tensile deformation is significantly higher since both the residual compressive stress and increase of dislocation density have a strong effect on the material coercivity. The change of the hysteresis loops steepness agrees well with the notion of the dominant role of residual stresses too.

Keywords:
Barkhausen effect, Plastic deformation, Residual stress, Magnetic hysteresis, Coercivity

Affiliations:
Piotrowski L. - Gdansk University of Technology (PL)
Chmielewski M. - Gdańsk University of Technology (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
61.  Ustrzycka A., Mróz Z., Kowalewski Z.L., Experimental analysis and modelling of fatigue crack initiation mechanisms, JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED MECHANICS, ISSN: 1429-2955, DOI: 10.15632/jtam-pl.55.4.1443, Vol.55, No.4, pp.1443-1448, 2017

Abstract:
The present work is devoted to simulation of fatigue crack initiation for cyclic loading within the nominal elastic regime. It is assumed that damage growth occurs due to action of meanstress and its fluctuations induced by crystalline grain inhomogeneity and the free boundary effect. The macrocrack initiation corresponds to a critical value of accumulated damage. The modelling of damage growth is supported by Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) apparatus using coherent laser light.

Keywords:
fatigue crack initiation, damage evolution, optical methods

Affiliations:
Ustrzycka A. - IPPT PAN
Mróz Z. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
62.  Makowska K., Kowalewski Z.L., Ziółkowski P., Badur J., Ocena stopnia uszkodzenia eksploatowanych łopatek turbiny z wykorzystaniem sygnału szumu Barkhausena, ENERGETYKA, PROBLEMY ENERGETYKI I GOSPODARKI PALIWOWO-ENERGETYCZNEJ, ISSN: 0013-7294, Vol.760, No.10, pp.638-641, 2017
63.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Wybrane materiały stosowane w układach hamulcowych i ich właściwości mechaniczne, TRANSPORT SAMOCHODOWY, ISSN: 1731-2795, Vol.2, pp.87-99, 2017

Abstract:
W pracy omówiono wybrane materiały stosowane w układach hamulcowych, jak: żeliwo szare, kompozyty ceramiczne oraz metalowe o osnowie ze stopu aluminium. Zaprezentowano ich zasadnicze właściwości mechaniczne oraz parametry fizyczne. Ponadto, omówiono zmiany granicy plastyczności i wytrzymałości doraźnej żeliwa szarego w warunkach rozciągania prowadzonego przy dziewięciu poziomach temperatury w zakresie od 20 °C do 700 °C

Affiliations:
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
64.  Pieczyska E.A., Kowalewski Z.L., Dunic V.Lj., Stress Relaxation Effects in TiNi SMA During Superelastic Deformation: Experiment and Constitutive Model, SHAPE MEMORY and SUPERELASTICITY, ISSN: 2199-384X, DOI: 10.1007/s40830-017-0123-2, Vol.2017, No.3, pp.392-402, 2017

Abstract:
This paper presents an investigation of thermomechanical effects related to the phenomena of stress relaxation occurring in TiNi SMA subjected to modified program of displacement-controlled tension. The deformation data were taken from testing machine, whereas the temperature changes accompanying the exothermic/endothermic martensite forward/reverse transformation were measured by infrared camera. At the advanced stages of the transformations, the strain was kept constant for a few minutes and the SMA load and temperature were recorded continuously. As a consequence, the stress and temperature changed significantly during the loading stops. A large stress drop, caused by the transformation, was observed during the relaxation stage in both courses of the SMA loading and unloading. Moreover, the non-uniform temperature distribution, reflecting macroscopically inhomogeneous transformation, lapsed while the strain was kept constant, yet restarted at the end of the relaxation stop and developed at the reloading stage. Along with the experimental results, the mechanical and thermal responses induced by the transformation were obtained by 3D coupled thermomechanical numerical analysis, realized in partitioned approach. Latent heat production was correlated with an amount of the martensitic volume fraction. The stress and temperature drops recorded during the experiment were satisfactorily reproduced by the model proposed for the SMA thermomechanical coupling

Keywords:
TiNi shape memory alloy, Superelasticity, Stress relaxation, Temperature change, Thermomechanical couplings, 3-D model

Affiliations:
Pieczyska E.A. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Dunic V.Lj. - University of Kragujevac (XS)
65.  Moćko W., Grzywna P., Kowalewski Z.L., Radziejewska J., An influence of cyclic loading on the form of constitutive relationship for DP500 steel, MATERIALS AND DESIGN, ISSN: 0264-1275, DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2016.04.075, Vol.103, pp.183-193, 2016

Abstract:
Fatigue loading induces a microstructure evolution leading to the change of macroscopically observed mechanical behavior of a dual phase DP500 steel. It was assumed that stress–strain characteristic of a pre-fatigued material may be determined using constitutive equation taking into account damage parameter. To estimate development of the fatigue damage in specimen a variation of the inelastic strain component was applied.

The flat „dog-bone” specimens were initially loaded using stress controlled cycles. When the strain reached a given value the fatigue process was stopped. Subsequently, the specimens with introduced fatigue damage were subjected to tensile tests. Next, the Johnson-Cook's constitutive equation was calibrated separately for each pre-fatigue case. Finally, a new constitutive relationship, based on the Johnson-Cook's model was proposed. It reflects the hardening and softening effects by taking into account both a change in the dislocation structure and development of fatigue microdamage. Proposed model shows a very good agreement with experimental data.

Keywords:
Constitutive model, Dual-phase steel, Fatigue, Stress–strain curve, Fatigue damage, Inelastic strain

Affiliations:
Moćko W. - other affiliation
Grzywna P. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Radziejewska J. - other affiliation
66.  Kukla D., Grzywna P., Kopeć M., Kowalewski Z.L., Assessment of hardened layer thickness for 40HNMA steel using eddy current method, INŻYNIERIA MATERIAŁOWA, ISSN: 0208-6247, DOI: 10.15199/28.2016.5.10, Vol.213, No.5, pp.263-266, 2016

Abstract:
Materials and semi-manufactured products for aviation equipment are usually subjected to increasingly rigorous demands for the quality control. In many cases, like hardened or carburized wheels or rollers assembled in the gear motors, the control procedures enforce necessity of the selective testing of details coming from production lines using destructive techniques. The main aim of diagnostic investigations carrying out on series of final products is to assess qualitatively and quantitatively the layers obtained due to carburizing and induction hardening. Unfortunately, such processes increase the fabrication costs significantly, especially in the case of complex manufacturing technology applied and small-lot production as well. In order to reduce them the attempts for application of non-destructive testing methods are taken for evaluation of either the layers quality or the products subjected to surface treatments. This paper presents the eddy currents method used for the thickness evaluation of the carburized and induction-hardened layers on the basis of the impedance signal variation. The signal was obtained as a result of the so-called ‘lift off’ effect. A methodology for the quantitative thickness evaluation of the carburized and induction-hardened layers has been elaborated under a range of technological parameters. The measurements ranges were defined in the framework of which an identification of the hardened layer was possible using the commercial defectoscope and reference specimens of the fixed thickness. Tests were carried out on specimens made of the ASM6414 steel and subjected subsequently to carburization and induction hardening. The impedance parameters were measured for selected values of frequency. The results were verified on the basis of metallographic investigations as well as the microhardness measurements captured in the form of profiles taken from specimens’ cross-sections of different layer thickness.

Keywords:
eddy current, hardening, carburizing, layers, non-destructive technique

Affiliations:
Kukla D. - IPPT PAN
Grzywna P. - IPPT PAN
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
67.  Kopeć M., Grzywna P., Kukla D., Kowalewski Z.L., Evaluation of the fatigue damage development using ESPI method, INŻYNIERIA MATERIAŁOWA, ISSN: 0208-6247, DOI: 10.15199/28.2016.4.9, Vol.212, No.4, pp.201-205, 2016

Abstract:
Fatigue damage process developing in structural materials under long-term cyclic loading is still an unsolved problem of modern engineering. Attempts to assess a degree of materials degradation under fatigue conditions on the basis of changes in the areas of local strain concentration determined by optical methods can be treated as the promising contemporary research direction of majority of scientific centres in the world. In most cases, fatigue damage has a local character and it is based on damage development leading to generation of cracks appearing around structural defects or geometrical notches. An identification of these areas and their subsequent monitoring requires a full-field displacement measurements performed on the objects surfaces. It seems that modern contemporary optical methods for displacement components measuring on the surfaces of structural elements or tested specimens are suitable for such purpose. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) are nowadays the most widely used testing methods in this area. Both of them enable capturing of displacement and strain components distributions. This paper presents an attempt to use the ESPI method for fatigue damage evaluation and its monitoring on specimens made of the aluminide coated nickel super-alloys. Flat specimens were subjected to cyclic loading. The fatigue tests were interrupted several times in order to perform a static loading during which the optical measurements were carried out. An analysis of the results captured by the ESPI system allowed indication of places of the greatest stress concentration and demonstration of the damage development process as a function of the increasing number of cycles.

Keywords:
fatigue, damage, super-alloy, Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry

Affiliations:
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Grzywna P. - IPPT PAN
Kukla D. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
68.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Brodecki A., Metoda cyfrowej korelacji obrazu w badaniach materiałów i elementów, Dozór Techniczny, ISSN: 0209-1763, Vol.4, pp.22-31, 2016

Abstract:
W pracy omówiono technike cyfrowej korelacji obrazu (DIC) przeznaczona do bezkontaktowego okreslania rozkładów składowych przemieszczenia i na ich podstawie obliczania składowych odkształcenia oraz naprezenia. Umozliwia ona równiez wyznaczanie parametrów kinematycznych obiektów inzynierskich w postaci predkosci i przyspieszenia, które okreslane sa metoda rózniczkowania po czasie zarejestrowanych wartosci składowych przemieszczenia. Zaprezentowano polowe zmiany rozkładów odkształcenia wzdłuznego oraz rozkładów składowych głównych odkształcenia podczas rozciagania stali konstrukcyjnej, które monitorowano az do chwili zniszczenia materiału. Przedstawiono wyniki próby porównawczej, w której jednoczesnie stosowano ekstensometr oraz system DIC. Dodatkowo zaprezentowano rezultaty prób stanowiskowych mechanicznego elementu sprzegajacego przeprowadzonych przy uzyciu systemu pomiarów cyfrowych w warunkach oddziaływania cyklicznie zmiennego obciazenia.

Affiliations:
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Brodecki A. - other affiliation
69.  Makowska K., Kowalewski Z.L., Ocena stopnia degradacji materiałów ferromagnetycznych technikami magnetycznymi, ENERGETYKA, PROBLEMY ENERGETYKI I GOSPODARKI PALIWOWO-ENERGETYCZNEJ, ISSN: 0013-7294, Vol.749, No.11, pp.681-684, 2016
70.  Szymczak T., Brodecki A., Eminger A., Kowalewski Z.L., Rudnik D., Experimental assessment of ball joints operation using servo-hydraulic testing systems, SOLID STATE PHENOMENA, ISSN: 1012-0394, DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.240.232, Vol.240, pp.232-237, 2016

Abstract:
The paper reports experimental results from tests carried out at room temperature on servo-hydraulic system dedicated for examination of the exploitation properties of rocker arms. The ball joint of this element was modified by an application of composite coating such as the tungsten carbide (WC). To apply cyclic loading to rocker arms the griping system was designed and elaborated. Results from tests performed on the composite coated ball joints were compared with data obtained for typical elements. Variations of the following parameters versus time i.e. force, temperature and surface topography of balls were analysed with respect to exploitation properties of the modified ball joints. An increase of the wear coefficient was achieved for sliding joints of the steel ball-steel cups coated by the WC.

Keywords:
Ball Joint, Composite, Cyclic Loading, Surface Topography, Tungsten Carbide, Wear

Affiliations:
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Brodecki A. - other affiliation
Eminger A. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Rudnik D. - other affiliation
71.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Kruche pękanie kompozytów metalowo-ceramicznych, Materiały Kompozytowe, ISSN: 2084-1949, Vol.1, pp.53-57, 2016

Abstract:
W pracy omówiono wybrane zagadnienia z zakresu mechaniki pękania dotyczące wyznaczania współczynnika intensywności naprężenia i jego krytycznej wartości (K IC ). Zaprezentowano projekt zminiaturyzowanej próbki kompaktowej (CT) o wymiarach czterokrotnie mniejszych niż jej wersja standardowa. Zamieszczono wyniki z badań odporności na kruche pękanie materiałów kompozytowych wytworzonych na bazie odlewniczego stopu aluminium 44200 z różną zawartością Al 2 O 3. Analiza rezultatów przeprowadzonych testów wykazała brak wpływu udziału Al 2 O 3 i jego postaci, tj. włókien bądź cząstek, na zmianę krytycznej wartości współczynnika intensywności naprężenia

Affiliations:
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - other affiliation
72.  Rutecka A., Kowalewski Z.L., Makowska K., Pietrzak K., Dietrich L., Fatigue damage of Al/SiC composites – macroscopic and microscopic analysis, ARCHIVES OF METALLURGY AND MATERIALS, ISSN: 1733-3490, DOI: 10.1515/amm-2015-0016, Vol.60, No.1, pp.101-105, 2015

Abstract:
The results of comparative examinations of mechanical behaviour during fatigue loads and microstructure assessment before and after fatigue tests were presented. Composites of aluminium matrix and SiC reinforcement manufactured using the KoBo method were investigated. The combinations of two kinds of fatigue damage mechanisms were observed. The first one governed by cyclic plasticity and related to inelastic strain amplitude changes and the second one expressed in a form of ratcheting based on changes in mean inelastic strain. The higher SiC content the less influence of the fatigue damage mechanisms on material behaviour was observed. Attempts have been made to evaluate an appropriate fatigue damage parameter. However, it still needs further improvements.

Keywords:
fatigue, damage, metal matrix composites, microstructure

Affiliations:
Rutecka A. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Makowska K. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Pietrzak K. - other affiliation
Dietrich L. - IPPT PAN
73.  Kowalewski Z.L., Dietrich L., Socha G., Experimental investigation of thin brass sheets under tension-compression cyclic loading, JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED MECHANICS, ISSN: 1429-2955, DOI: 10.15632/jtam-pl.53.3.757, Vol.53, No.3, pp.757-762, 2015

Abstract:
Strength and durability of thin-walled structures are usually calculated with the use of computer simulations. To perform such simulations using Finite Element Method, characteristics of a material subjected to monotonic tension or compression and tension-compression cyclic loading are necessary. Experimental determination of such kind of characteristics is usually performed on specimens cut out from a metal or composite thin sheet. Problems associated with testing on flat specimens under large deformation are discussed in this paper. A new design of fixture proposed by the authors for this kind of testing is shortly described. The results of investigations carried out on brass using the new fixture for flat specimens testing are also presented.

Keywords:
fixture, large deformations, tension-compression tests, thin metal sheet

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Dietrich L. - IPPT PAN
Socha G. - other affiliation
74.  Makowska K., Kowalewski Z.L., Możliwości wykorzystania szumu Barkhausena do oceny mikrostruktury i właściwości mechanicznych materiałów, ENERGETYKA, PROBLEMY ENERGETYKI I GOSPODARKI PALIWOWO-ENERGETYCZNEJ, ISSN: 0013-7294, Vol.736, No.10, pp.664-667, 2015
75.  Makowska K., Kowalewski Z.L., Nowe możliwości zastosowania parametrów ultradźwiękowych do oceny właściwości mechanicznych materiałów, TRANSPORT SAMOCHODOWY, ISSN: 1731-2795, Vol.4, pp.97-113, 2015
76.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T., Maciejewski J., Material effects during monotonic-cyclic loading, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOLIDS AND STRUCTURES, ISSN: 0020-7683, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2013.10.040, Vol.51, pp.740-753, 2014

Abstract:
The effects commonly related with deformation caused by proportional and non-proportional loading types were identified experimentally. In the case of non-proportional cyclic loading along circular strain path the second order effects such as: phase shift between stress and strain signals was observed. An analysis of experimental data from tests under non-proportional cyclic loading along square strain path exhibited a significant reduction of stress independently on direction of deformation.

The paper also presents experimental results concerning evaluation of an influence of cyclic loading on stress variations during monotonic deformation carried out on the pure copper and X10CrMoVNb9-1 steel. All strain controlled tests were performed at room temperature using thin-walled tubular specimens. The experimental programme contained selected combinations of monotonic and cyclic loadings, i.e. the torsion-reverse-torsion cycles were superimposed on the monotonic tension. It is shown that such cycles associated with monotonic tension caused essential variations of tensile stress. For both materials, a significant decrease of the axial stress was visible. The effects observed during monotonic and cyclic loading combinations were theoretically described using the Mróz and Maciejewski model.

Keywords:
Proportional and non-proportional loadings, Hardening, Softening, Tensile stress, Strain energy, Yield surface, Modelling

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Maciejewski J. - other affiliation
77.  Dietrich L., Socha G., Kowalewski Z.L., Anti-buckling Fixture for Large Deformation Tension–Compression Cyclic Loading of Thin Metal Sheets, STRAIN, ISSN: 0039-2103, DOI: 10.1111/str.12078, Vol.50, pp.174-183, 2014

Abstract:
Determination of cyclic properties of a material used for many engineering structures, e.g. airframes, requires preparation of specimens from two-dimensional, shell structures. A specimen must be cut out from the structure component in the way allowing application of a load corresponding to that reflecting service cases. In order to fulfil this requirement, tension–compression testing of the flat specimen is necessary to obtain credible data. Problems associated with such kind of testing are discussed in this paper. In the first part, an extensive review of the anti-buckling fixtures developed up to now is given. Several representative solutions are discussed, with special emphasis on the technique limitations. In the second part of the paper, detailed description of the proposed design is given. Finally, the results of preliminary tests carried out using new fixture to mount the flat specimens cut from steel sheets are presented. Application of the proposed testing technique allowed tension–compression tests to be performed at the displacement amplitude within the range ±5 mm what corresponds to the maximum strain amplitude of ±0.4 for the specimen gauge length to be equal 12.5 mm. Taking into account all data captured by means of new fixture, one can conclude that the technique is promising with respect to providing data for modelling of cyclic deformation behaviour for shell structures.

Keywords:
buckling, cyclic loading, fixture, thin sheets

Affiliations:
Dietrich L. - IPPT PAN
Socha G. - other affiliation
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
78.  Kukla D., Kowalewski Z.L., Grzywna P., Kubiak K., Assessment of fatigue damage development in power engineering steel by local strain analysis, KOVOVE MATERIALY-METALLIC MATERIALS, ISSN: 0023-432X, Vol.52, No.5, pp.269-277, 2014

Abstract:
The results of analysis of fatigue damage development in the X10CrMoVNb9-1(P91) steel specimens subjected to various cyclic loading combinations are presented. The study concerning a quantitative assessment of damage is based on analysis of the fatigue hysteresis evolution in subsequent loading cycles. According to the elaborated algorithms, damage parameters were determined on the basis of two indicators, i.e., average strain and strain amplitude variations. Each of them was responsible for a single damage development mechanism. The average strain characterized ratcheting effect, which is usually related to local generation of plastic strain surrounding microstructural elements. The second damage mechanism called cyclic plasticity is connected with micro slips preceding slip bands formation. The paper also discusses the results of metallographic and fractographic microscopic (SEM) observations of the tested specimens in order to indicate microstructural aspects of fatigue damage development mechanisms.

Keywords:
fatigue test, steels, fracture, scanning electron microscopy, microstructure

Affiliations:
Kukla D. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Grzywna P. - IPPT PAN
Kubiak K. - other affiliation
79.  Moćko W., Kowalewski Z.L., Evolution of tensile properties of the tial6v4 alloy due to the prior cyclic loading history, JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED MECHANICS, ISSN: 1429-2955, Vol.52, No.3, pp.847-851, 2014

Keywords:
fatigue, metals and alloys, deformation and fracture, cumulative fatigue damage

Affiliations:
Moćko W. - other affiliation
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
80.  Makowska K., Kowalewski Z.L., Augustyniak B., Piotrowski L., Determination of mechanical properties of P91 steel by means of magnetic Berkhausen emission, JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED MECHANICS, ISSN: 1429-2955, Vol.52, No.1, pp.181-188, 2014

Abstract:
In this work, an attempt at determination of mechanical properties by means of a method based on magnetic Barkhausen emission measurements was proposed. The specimens made of P91 steel were subjected to creep or plastic flow which were interrupted after a range of selected time periods in order to achieve specimens with an increasing level of strain. Subsequently, measurements of magnetic Barkhausen emission were carried out, and then static tensile tests were performed in order to check variations of basic mechanical parameters. It is shown that evident relationships between the yield point /ultimate tensile strength and some parameters of the Barkhausen emission exist.

Keywords:
mechanical properties, magnetic Barkhausen effect, plastic strain

Affiliations:
Makowska K. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Augustyniak B. - Gdańsk University of Technology (PL)
Piotrowski L. - Gdansk University of Technology (PL)
81.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Właściwości mechaniczne wybranych kompozytów oraz metody oceny ich zniszczenia, TRANSPORT SAMOCHODOWY, ISSN: 1731-2795, Vol.4, pp.33-54, 2014

Abstract:
W artykule przedstawiono na podstawie dostępnych prac właściwości mechaniczne żywic i włókien powszechnie stosowanych jako składniki materiałów kompozytowych. Omówiono typy zniszczenia tego rodzaju materiałów wynikające z różnej kruchości zbrojenia. Zaprezentowano rodzaje przełomów występujące podczas rozciągania i ściskania kompozytu w zależności od kierunku pobierania próbek. Omówiono kryteria zniszczenia stosowane do oceny odporności materiałów kompozytowych dla różnych wariantów obciążenia.

Affiliations:
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - other affiliation
82.  Szolc T., Kowalewski Z.L., An application of longitudinal elastic waves for investigation of materials under high strain rates using the Hopkinson bar, VIBRATIONS IN PHYSICAL SYSTEMS, ISSN: 0860-6897, Vol.26, pp.305-310, 2014

Abstract:
In the paper there is presented a discrete - continuous model of the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) for numerical simulations of a dynamic behaviour of material specimens under high strain - rates. For this purpose several material theories describing visco-elasto-plastic properties of the tested specimens can be applied. Using this model impact-type dynamic responses are sought by means of the longitudinal elastic wave analytical solution of the d’Alembert type. The proposed model enables us theoretical strength investigations for various elasto-plastic materials under great deformation velocities as well as structural parameter de termination of the real SHPB designed to play a role of the laboratory test-rig.

Keywords:
Hopkinson bar, elastic wave propagation, d’Alembert solution, numerical simulation

Affiliations:
Szolc T. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
83.  Moćko W., Kowalewski Z.L., Perforation test as an accuracy evaluation tool for a constitutive model of austenitic steel, ARCHIVES OF METALLURGY AND MATERIALS, ISSN: 1733-3490, DOI: 10.2478/amm-2013-0133, Vol.58, No.4, pp.1105-1110, 2013

Abstract:
In this paper, a new method for assessing the accuracy of a constitutive model is proposed. The method uses perforation test done by drop weight tower. The assessment is carried out by comparison of striker velocity curve obtained using experiment and FEM simulation. In order to validate proposed method the various constitutive equations were applied i.e. Johnson-Cook, Zerilli-Armstrong and the extended Rusinek-Klepaczko to model mechanical behaviour of X4CrMnN16-12 austenitic steel. The steel was characterized at wide range of strain and strain rates using servo-hydraulic testing machine and split Hopkinson pressure bar. The relative error calculated as a difference between measured and constitutive model based stress-strain curve was applied as a reference data (classic approach). Subsequently, it was compared with relative error determined on the basis of experimental and FEM calculated striker velocity (new approach). A good correlation between classic and a new method was found. Moreover, a new method of error assessment enables to validate constitutive equation in a wide range of strain rates and temperatures on the basis of a single experiment.

Keywords:
plastic behaviour, fracture properties, constitutive modeling, perforation, austenitic steel

Affiliations:
Moćko W. - other affiliation
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
84.  Moćko W., Kowalewski Z.L., Application of FEM in the assessment of phenomena associated with dynamic investigations on a miniaturised ICT testing stand, KOVOVE MATERIALY-METALLIC MATERIALS, ISSN: 0023-432X, Vol.51, pp.71-82, 2013

Abstract:
This paper presents the assembly of the miniaturised direct impact compression test method (MDICT) developed at the Institute of Fundamental Technological Research at the Polish Academy of Sciences (IFTR PAS). Additionally, this method was used to investigate the mechanical properties of tantalum at the strain rate of 8×10^5 s−1.To analyse the phenomena occurring during the tests, a numerical model of the testing stand was developed and validated. The finite element (FEM) model was expanded to estimate the sources of error achieved in the results using the analytical methods. The effects related to friction, inertia, specimen ratio, adiabatic heating, stress equilibration and strain rate on the stress-strain characteristic observed before and after the analytical correction were discussed.

Keywords:
miaturised Hopkinson bar, tantalum, high strain rates, direct impact, finite element method

Affiliations:
Moćko W. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
85.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T., An Influence of Step Cyclic Loading Due to Torsion on Tensile Curve Variation, KEY ENGINEERING MATERIALS, ISSN: 1662-9795, DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.535-536.181, Vol.535-536, pp.181-184, 2013

Abstract:
The paper presents experimental results of tests carried out at room temperature on power engineering steel: 10H2M (11CrMo9-10) using thin-walled tubular specimens under biaxial stress state. The loading programme comprised different types of deformation, i.e. monotonic tension and cyclic torsion in the form of symmetric or asymmetric step-increasing strain amplitude. The main task of the paper was focused on investigation of an influence of the cyclic loading parameters on tensile curve variations. The magnitudes of axial strain and cyclic shear strain amplitude were small and did not exceed 1%. An analysis of the results showed a significant reduction of the axial stress (even equal 90% for the torsional amplitude ±0.8%, in both cases of cyclic loading). An influence of torsion frequency on the tensile stress curve was discovered within the range from 0.005Hz to 0.5Hz.

Keywords:
Cyclic Loading, Hysteresis Loop, Stress Variation, Tensile Characteristic

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - other affiliation
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
86.  Moćko W., Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Mechanical Properties of AW8S-V Polyester Composite under Various Loading Conditions, ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS (ROZPRAWY INŻYNIERSKIE), ISSN: 0867-888X, Vol.61, No.4, pp.289-300, 2013

Abstract:
This article presents the results of an analysis of the mechanical properties of the AW8S-V polyester composite reinforced by a roving fabric under tensile loading. The stress-strain curves show an increase of the maximum stress and elastic modulus with increasing strain rate. By contrast, an increase of the temperature led to decrease of the maximum stress and elastic modulus. It is also shown that, failure mechanisms are dependent on the loading type. Shear cracks occurred in the specimens under quasi-static loading whereas composite layers damage was observed under dynamic loading. Temperature increase resulted to stronger fragmentation of the specimens.

Keywords:
polyester composite, Hopkinson bar, high strain rate, damage

Affiliations:
Moćko W. - other affiliation
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
87.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Fracture Toughness Investigations of Metal Matrix Composites Using Compact Specimens, ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS (ROZPRAWY INŻYNIERSKIE), ISSN: 0867-888X, Vol.61, No.3, pp.219-229, 2013

Abstract:
This paper presents experimental results of the fracture toughness tests carried out on metal matrix composites. The material was produced using the 44200 aluminium alloy reinforced by Al2O3 in the form of Saffil fibres. Three different contents of Al2O3 were taken into account, i.e. 10%, 15%, 20%. The main aim of the research was to examine an influence of the aluminium oxide content on a critical value of the stress intensity factor, KIC. All tests were performed using a miniature compact specimen, which was four times smaller than the typical one. The results of FEA analysis confirmed a typical distribution of the effective stress at the tip of the notch. In each test the composite specimen was mounted in the loading system of the testing machine by applying special grips. Crack tip opening displacement of the specimen notch was measured by means of the clip on knife edge extensometer having 10 mm gauge length. The results in form of tensile force versus crack tip opening displacement show the first mode of fracture. An inspection of the pre-cracked zone of the composite did not exhibit the typical features usually observed on specimen surface after fatigue. An influence of the Al2O3 Saffil fibres content within the range from 10% to 20% on a critical value of the stress intensity factor was negligible small. The KIC of the composites tested in this research achieved the level of 12 MPa m 1/2.

Keywords:
metal matrix composite, fracture toughness test, compact specimen, fatigue zone, stress intensity factor

Affiliations:
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - other affiliation
88.  Szymczak T., Grzywna P., Kowalewski Z.L., Nowoczesne metody określania wytrzymałościowych właściwości materiałów konstrukcyjnych, TRANSPORT SAMOCHODOWY, ISSN: 1731-2795, Vol.1, pp.79-104, 2013

Abstract:
W artykule zaprezentowano współczesne maszyny wytrzymałościowe i przyrządy pomiarowe do badania właściwości mechanicznych materiałów. Zamieszczono oraz omówiono ich schematy ideowe, zalety, wady, ograniczenia i zastosowanie. W przypadku niektórych z nich przedstawiono literaturowe i własne wyniki z badań doświadczalnych.

Affiliations:
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Grzywna P. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
89.  Kowalewski Z.L., Miary uszkodzenia w badaniach pełzania materiałów konstrukcyjnych, ENERGETYKA, PROBLEMY ENERGETYKI I GOSPODARKI PALIWOWO-ENERGETYCZNEJ, ISSN: 0013-7294, Vol.66, No.10 (712), pp.757-760, 2013
90.  Moćko W., Rodriguez-Martinez J.A., Kowalewski Z.L., Rusinek A., Compressive Viscoplastic Response of 6082-T6 and 7075-T6 Aluminium Alloys Under Wide Range of Strain Rate at Room Temperature: Experiments and Modelling, STRAIN, ISSN: 0039-2103, Vol.48, pp.498-509, 2012
91.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Variations of mechanical parameters and strain energy dissipated during tension-torsion loading, ARCHIVES OF METALLURGY AND MATERIALS, ISSN: 1733-3490, Vol.57, No.1, pp.193-197, 2012

Abstract:
The paper presents behaviour of materials under complex loading being combinations of torsion-reverse-torsion cycles superimposed on monotonic tensile deformation. The 2024 aluminium alloy, P91 steel and M1E copper were investigated under plane stress state using thin-walled tubular specimens. All tests were strain controlled and a total strain was less than 1%. An influence of torsion cycles on tensile characteristic was manifested by lowering of the proportional limit and yield point. This effect was increased with magnification of cyclic strain amplitude and in the case of copper a reduction of yield point was equal around 90%. A character of this effect was checked using the yield surface concept after each test. The papers also presents variations of tangential hardening modulus and plastic strain energy dissipation.

Keywords:
complex loading, biaxial stress state, cyclic loading, mechanical parameters

Affiliations:
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
92.  Augustyniak B., Piotrowski L., Chmielewski M., Kowalewski Z.L., Comparative study with magnetic techniques of P91 and 13HMF steels properties subjected to fatigue tests, Journal of Electrical Engineering-Elektrotechnicky Casopis, ISSN: 1335-3632, Vol.63, No.7, pp.15-18, 2012
93.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T., Makowska K., Augustyniak B., A role of destructive and non-destructive tests in creep damage identification, KEY ENGINEERING MATERIALS, ISSN: 1662-9795, Vol.488-489, pp.315-318, 2012
94.  Moćko W., Kowalewski Z.L., Dynamic Properties of Aluminium Alloys Used in Automotive Industry, JOURNAL OF KONES, ISSN: 1231-4005, Vol.19, No.2, pp.345-351, 2012

Abstract:
Around 20% of CO2 emitted as a result of human activity on Earth comes from transportation. One of the ideas, which lead to diminishing of the greenhouse gases e mission, is reducing of fuel consumption. It may be achieved by introducing a new powertrain solutions as well as lowering overall vehicle weight. The reduction of vehicle weight may be obtained by both a new design of part and structures and application of a new materials i.e. aluminium alloys. It has to be emphasised that weight reduction is very important for combustion engine driven vehicles and electric driven vehicles as well. Mass lowering is especially desirable in the case of electric vehicles because they typically have a very narrow operational range usually lower than 200 km. Therefore even small weight reduction de creases energy consumption of EV and as a consequence increases its range, which is a crucial parameter for users.
The results presented in this article were focused on high strength aluminium alloys of 6082-T6 and 7075-T6 types. Applying of those materials enables mass lowering of structures up to 50%, maintaining original functionality. Moreover, aluminium alloys may be also used in energy absorbing structures. The goal of tests was to obtain data required in FE analysis. In order to simulate dynamic phenomenon i.e. vehicle crash investigation of the stress-strain curves of alloys were carried out at wide range of strain rates using Hopkinson bar.

Keywords:
road transport, simulation, combustion engines, air pollution, environmental protection

Affiliations:
Moćko W. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
95.  Kowalewski Z.L., Dietrich L., Kukla D., Grzywna P., Szymczak T., Parametry uszkodzenia w procesie zmęczenia oraz ich miary, ENERGETYKA, PROBLEMY ENERGETYKI I GOSPODARKI PALIWOWO-ENERGETYCZNEJ, ISSN: 0013-7294, Vol.65, No.11 (701), pp.706-710, 2012
96.  Augustyniak B., Piotrowski L., Chmielewski M., Kowalewski Z.L., Właściwości magneto-akustyczne degradowanych próbek stali 13HMF oraz P91, ENERGETYKA, PROBLEMY ENERGETYKI I GOSPODARKI PALIWOWO-ENERGETYCZNEJ, ISSN: 0013-7294, Vol.24, pp.1-7, 2012
97.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Wpływ cyklicznego skręcania na właściwości mechaniczne materiałów w próbie rozciągania, BIULETYN WOJSKOWEJ AKADEMII TECHNICZNEJ, ISSN: 1234-5865, Vol.61, No.2, pp.437-447, 2012

Abstract:
W pracy zamieszczono wyniki z badań doświadczalnych dotyczących określania wpływu obciążenia skręcającego o charakterze cyklicznym na przebieg wyznaczanej jednocześnie charakterystyki rozciągania następujących materiałów: stali P91, stopu aluminium P a7 oraz miedzi M1E. Testy przeprowadzono na cienkościennych, osiowosymetrycznych próbkach rurkowych w warunkach płaskiego stanu naprężenia przy sterowaniu sygnałami odkształcenia. Wyznaczono zmiany granicy proporcjonalności, plastyczności i stycznego modułu wzmocnienia w zależności od amplitudy odkształcenia postaciowego oraz opracowano przebiegi zmian naprężeń głównych i kąta obrotu ich kierunków.

Keywords:
mechanika eksperymentalna, obciążenie złożone, obciążenie cykliczne, właściwości mechaniczne, rozciąganie, skręcanie

Affiliations:
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
98.  Moćko W., Kowalewski Z.L., Wojciechowski A., Rudnik D., Badania właściwości mechanicznych staliwa LH556 i stali VP159 pod kątem zastosowania w osłonach balistycznych, BIULETYN WOJSKOWEJ AKADEMII TECHNICZNEJ, ISSN: 1234-5865, Vol.LXI, No.2, pp.449-462, 2012

Abstract:
Praca przedstawia charakterystyki naprężenie-odkształcenie stali austenitycznej VP159 oraz staliwa austenitycznego LH556, o dużej zawartości azotu, przy różnych prędkościach odkształcania. Do badań w zakresie obciążeń statycznych zastosowano serwohydrauliczną maszynę wytrzymałościową, natomiast w zakresie obciążeń dynamicznych metodę pręta Hopkinsona. Otrzymane rezultaty przedstawiono w formie wykresów naprężenia rzeczywistego w funkcji odkształcenia rzeczywistego. Na podstawie statycznej próby rozciągania wyznaczono również podstawowe parametry badanych materiałów, takie jak: E, R0,05, R0,2, Rm. Na podstawie badań stwierdzono, że stal VP159 ma znacznie lepszą ciągliwość niż staliwo LH556, natomiast pozostałe parametry i charakterystyki były zbliżone. Otrzymane wyniki można wykorzystać do wyznaczenia parametrów równań konstytutywnych opisujących termomechaniczne właściwości materiałów na potrzeby symulacji komputerowych.

Keywords:
mechanika, pręt Hopkinsona, duże prędkości odkształcania, stal wysokoazotowa, charakterystyka naprężenie-odkształcenie

Affiliations:
Moćko W. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Wojciechowski A. - other affiliation
Rudnik D. - other affiliation
99.  Moćko W., Kowalewski Z.L., Zastosowanie wybranych równań konstytutywnych do opisu właściwości mechanicznych stali wysokoazotowej typu VP159, MODELOWANIE INŻYNIERSKIE, ISSN: 1896-771X, Vol.12, No.43, pp.203-210, 2012
100.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Badanie Odporności Kompozytów Metalowo-Ceramicznych Na Kruche Pękanie Przy Użyciu Próbek Kompaktowych (CT), TRANSPORT SAMOCHODOWY, ISSN: 1731-2795, Vol.3, pp.119-131, 2012
101.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Efekty Strukturalne oraz Mechanizmy Uszkodzenia Generowane w Materiałach przez Różne Rodzaje Obciążenia, TRANSPORT SAMOCHODOWY, ISSN: 1731-2795, Vol.2, pp.85-96, 2012
102.  Rutecka A., Kowalewski Z.L., Pietrzak K., Dietrich L., Rehm W., Creep and Low Cycle Fatigue Investigations of Light Aluminium Alloys for Engine Cylinder Heads, STRAIN, ISSN: 0039-2103, DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-1305.2010.00779.x, Vol.47, No.Suppl. 2, pp.374-381, 2011

Abstract:
An influence of the chemical composition, porosity and ageing on mechanical behaviour of light, multifunctional aluminium alloys (AlSi8Cu3 and AlSi7MgCu0.5) subjected to creep and low cycle fatigue (LCF) was investigated. The materials were tested to verify their applicability as the cylinder heads in car engines. During creep tests, a strain response of the materials was observed under a range of the step-increased stresses and different temperatures. The LCF tests were carried out under strain control in three blocks of 100 cycles each with a constant strain amplitude. The results of creep and LCF tests were analysed with regard to chemical composition, type of porosity and ageing of the materials tested. An influence of porosity on the creep resistance and lifetime was considered. The results of the LCF tests were compared for the materials in the as-received state and after ageing. An experimental evaluation of cyclic behaviour because of the LCF was carried out to check whether the hardening or softening effects can be observed in the materials. Taking into account the various history of loading, a stress response of the materials was investigated.

Keywords:
creep, cylinder heads, fatigue, light alloys

Affiliations:
Rutecka A. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Pietrzak K. - other affiliation
Dietrich L. - IPPT PAN
Rehm W. - Daimler AG (DE)
103.  Piotrowski L., Augustyniak B., Chmielewski M., Kowalewski Z.L., On the possibility of application of magnetoacoustic emission for the assessment of plastic deformation level in ferrous materials, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, ISSN: 0018-9464, Vol.47, pp.1-5, 2011
104.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T., Modification of simple deformation processes of metallic materials by means of cyclic loading, MATERIALS RESEARCH INNOVATIONS, ISSN: 1432-8917, DOI: 10.1179/143307511X12858956847110, Vol.15, pp.73-76, 2011

Abstract:
The paper presents experimental results concerning evaluation of an influence of cyclic loading on material behaviour under monotonic deformation. Tests were carried out on pure copper and P91 steel. The experimental programme contained the torsion–reverse–torsion cycles superimposed on the monotonic tension. It is shown that the torsion–reverse–torsion cycles associated with monotonic tension caused essential variations of the tensile characteristic. For both materials, a significant decrease in the tensile stress can be observed. The effects observed during monotonic and cyclic loading combinations were theoretically described for the 2024 aluminium alloy using the Mróz and Maciejewski model.

Keywords:
Complex loading, Yield point, Yield surface, Mechanical parameters

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
105.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Dietrich L., Experimental analysis of creep and fatigue of light multifunctional aluminium alloys, MATERIALS RESEARCH INNOVATIONS, ISSN: 1432-8917, Vol.15, pp.53-56, 2011

Abstract:
The paper presents experimental investigations of two light aluminium alloys (AlSi8Cu3 and AlSi7MgCu0 5) under loading conditions leading to the creep or fatigue processes. During the creep process, the strains were measured under selected tensile stresses and temperatures. An influence of a step loading during creep, at elevated temperature, on steady creep rate and a course of creep curve, was investigated. Moreover, an effect of porosity degree on creep of both aluminium alloys was also analysed. An influence of aging process at the elevated temperature was experimentally evaluated. Fatigue behaviour of materials was checked under strain control using cylindrical samples. The results of LCF tests were analysed for the materials subjected to three-stage sequence of loading at elevated temperature. A resistance to creep and fatigue processes of the AlSi8Cu3 was weaker than that obtained in the case of the AlSi7MgCu0 5.

Keywords:
Creep, Fatigue, Sequence loading, Aluminium alloys

Affiliations:
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Dietrich L. - IPPT PAN
106.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T., Makowska K., Augustyniak B., A role of destructive and non-destructive tests in creep damage identification, KEY ENGINEERING MATERIALS, ISSN: 1662-9795, DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.488-489.315, Vol.488-489, pp.315-318, 2011

Abstract:
The paper presents relationships between strain level generated by creep process and two parameters determined form non-destructive tests, i.e. acoustic birefringence and amplitude of magnetoacoustic emission for three kinds of steel: 40HNMA, P91 and 13HMF. Moreover, the relationships between prior deformation level and selected mechanical parameters resulting from the standard tensile tests subsequently carried out at room temperature were established. As a consequence, this enabled to formulate mutual relationships between these mechanical parameters and parameters obtained from the ultrasonic/magnetic investigations.

Keywords:
creep, damage, yield point, ultimate tensile stress, Young’s modulus, acoustic birefringence, magnetoacoustic emission.

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Makowska K. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Augustyniak B. - Gdańsk University of Technology (PL)
107.  Moćko W., Kowalewski Z.L., Dynamic Compression Tests – Current Achievements and Future Development, ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS (ROZPRAWY INŻYNIERSKIE), ISSN: 0867-888X, Vol.59, No.3, pp.235-248, 2011
108.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szelążek J., Augustyniak B., Piotrowski L., Makowska K., Szymczak T., Interdyscyplinarne techniki oceny stanu uszkodzenia stali stosowanych w energetyce, ENERGETYKA, PROBLEMY ENERGETYKI I GOSPODARKI PALIWOWO-ENERGETYCZNEJ, ISSN: 0013-7294, No.11, pp.23-26, 2011
109.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T., Rutecka A., Zmiany właściwości mechanicznych materiałów w warunkach monotonicznej deformacji realizowanej w obecności obciążenia cyklicznego, PRZEGLĄD MECHANICZNY, ISSN: 0033-2259, Vol.LXX, No.2, pp.27-32, 2011
110.  Moćko W., Kowalewski Z.L., Opracowanie i weryfikacja modelu MES zminiaturyzowanego stanowiska do badań metodą bezpośredniego uderzenia pocisku w próbkę, TRANSPORT SAMOCHODOWY, ISSN: 1731-2795, Vol.2, pp.97-105, 2011
111.  Rutecka A., Kowalewski Z.L., Pietrzak K., Dietrich L., Makowska K., Woźniak J., Kostecki M., Bochniak W., Olszyna A., Damage development of Al/SiC metal matrix composite under fatigue, creep and monotonic loading conditions, Procedia Engineering, ISSN: 1877-7058, DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2011.04.236, Vol.10, pp.1420-1425, 2011

Abstract:
A consolidation of powders using the KOBO method at elevated temperature was elaborated for production of Al/SiC metal matrix composite (MMC). The observations of the mean strain and inelastic strain range during the force controlled high cycle fatigue (HCF) tests identified the ratcheting mechanism combined with mechanism characterized by cyclic plasticity. Damage parameters were calculated on the basis of strain signal acquisition during fatigue tests. Fatigue properties, creep resistance and life time of Al/SiC MMC were gradually improved with the increase of the SiC particles content. The microstructural observations of the material before and after tests were also performed.

Keywords:
MMC, KOBO method, fatigue, creep, monotonic loading, microstructure, damage

Affiliations:
Rutecka A. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Pietrzak K. - other affiliation
Dietrich L. - IPPT PAN
Makowska K. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Woźniak J. - other affiliation
Kostecki M. - other affiliation
Bochniak W. - other affiliation
Olszyna A. - other affiliation
112.  Moćko W., Kowalewski Z.L., Mechanical Properties of the A359/SiCp metal matrix composite at wide range of strain rates, APPLIED MECHANICS AND MATERIALS, ISSN: 1662-7482, Vol.82, pp.166-171, 2011
113.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Wybrane projekty próbek stosowanych w badaniach właściwości mechanicznych materiałów, Dozór Techniczny, ISSN: 0209-1763, Vol.2, pp.30-35, 2011
114.  Kowalewski Z.L., Kierunki rozwoju badań wytrzymałościowych, Dozór Techniczny, ISSN: 0209-1763, Vol.1, pp.9-21, 2011
115.  Piotrowski L., Augustyniak B., Chmielewski M., Kowalewski Z.L., Multiparameter analysis of the Barkhausen noise signal and its application for the assessment of a plastic deformation level in the 13HMF grade steel, MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, ISSN: 0957-0233, Vol.21, No.11, pp.115702-1-7, 2010

Abstract:
The paper presents the results of multiparameter analysis of Barkhausen noise (BN) signal properties. In addition to the commonly used quantifiers of the BN signal, such as amplitude, integral of the BN envelope or results of pulse count analysis, we propose an additional analysis based on the change in magnetizing current amplitude. As it turns out the character of the change of the BN signal (as a function of the plastic deformation level) measured for various magnetizing currents differs significantly. Being so, a comparison of the results obtained for at least two magnetizing intensities gives a much better description of a plastic deformation level. In addition to that we observe two monotonic changes in the BN signal properties - a systematic shift of the BN signal peak position and the increase in the frequency for which the maximum in the BN FFT spectra occurs.

Keywords:
Barkhausen effect, plastic deformation, nondestructive evaluation

Affiliations:
Piotrowski L. - Gdansk University of Technology (PL)
Augustyniak B. - Gdańsk University of Technology (PL)
Chmielewski M. - Gdańsk University of Technology (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
116.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T., On the effects associated with control parameters delay during biaxial cyclic loading of engineering materials, MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM, ISSN: 0255-5476, DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.638-642.3913, Vol.638-642, pp.3913-3918, 2010

Abstract:
The paper presents experimental results of investigations carried out on the P91 steel and 2024 aluminium alloy under complex stress states due to various combinations of an axial force and twisting moment. An influence of out-of-phase sinusoidal and trapezoidal strain signals on the mechanical behaviour of tested materials was considered. The experiments enabled identification of the second order effects connected with the non-proportional cyclic loadings such as the phase shift between stress and strain signals during the deformation along the circular strain path, and a significant stress drop of the one of loading components applied in the case of deformation enforced by the trapezoidal signals. The experimental programme also contained the tests of monotonic tensile deformation realized simultaneously with delayed torsional cycles. They enabled to observe a drastic variations of the proportional limit and yield point of the materials in the tensile direction. This fact manifests an important material feature which can be applied to the optimal designing of some metal forming processes like an extrusion or forging for example

Keywords:
cyclic loading, biaxial stress state, circle loading path, square loading path, mechanical parameters, yield surface

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
117.  Rutecka A., Dietrich L., Kowalewski Z.L., Evaluation of the heat treatment role for light aluminium alloys subjected to creep and low cycle fatigue, MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM, ISSN: 0255-5476, DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.638-642.455, Vol.638-642, pp.455-460, 2010

Abstract:
The AlSi8Cu3 and AlSi7MgCu0.5 cast aluminium alloy s of different composition and heat treatment were investigated to verify their applicability as cylinder heads in the car engines [1]. Creep tests under the step-increased stresses at different temperatures, and low cycle fatigue (LCF) tests for a range of strain amplitudes and temperatures were carried out. The results exhibit a significant influence of the heat treatment on the mechanical properties of the AlSi8Cu3 and AlSi7MgCu0.5. An interesting fact is that the properties strongly depend on the type of quenching. Lower creep resistance (higher strain rates) and lower stress response during fatigue tests were observed for the air quenched materials in comparison to those in the water quenched. Cyclic hardening/softening were also observed during the LCF tests due to the heat treatment applied. The mechanical properties determined during the tests can be used to identify new constitutive equations and to verify existing numerical models.

Keywords:
creep, low cycle fatigue, aluminum alloys, heat treatment

Affiliations:
Rutecka A. - IPPT PAN
Dietrich L. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
118.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., A role of cyclic loading at modification of simple deformation processes of metallic materials, ACTA MECHANICA ET AUTOMATICA, ISSN: 1898-4088, Vol.4, No.4, pp.1-4, 2010

Abstract:
The paper presents experimental results of investigations carried out on the 2024 aluminium alloy and P91 steel under biaxial stress state. The loading programme comprised a monotonic tension assisted by torsion-reverse-torsion cycles. An influence of the cyclic loading and its delay with respect to uniaxial tension on the selected mechanical parameters taken on the basis of tensile characteristics was investigated. Additionally, a relative variation of the proportional limit and yield point due to the loading history applied was analyzed. A permanency of effects observed during combination of tension and cyclic torsion was experimentally assessed on the basis of an initial yield surface evolution

Affiliations:
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
119.  Frąś T., Kowalewski Z.L., Pęcherski R.B., Rusinek A., Applications of Burzyński failure criteria - I. Isotropic materials with asymmetry of elastic range, ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS (ROZPRAWY INŻYNIERSKIE), ISSN: 0867-888X, Vol.58, pp.1-10, 2010

Abstract:
The main idea of energy-based hypothesis of material effort proposed by Burzyński is briefly presented and the resulting failure criteria are discussed. Some examples, based on the own studies, which depict applications of these criteria are discussed and visualisations of limit surfaces in the space of principal stresses are presented.

Keywords:
Burzyński yield condition, yield surface, strength differential effect, energy-based yield criteria

Affiliations:
Frąś T. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Pęcherski R.B. - IPPT PAN
Rusinek A. - other affiliation
120.  Makowska K., Kowalewski Z.L., Ocena stopnia uszkodzenia stali 40HNMA metodami nieniszczącymi i niszczącymi, TRANSPORT SAMOCHODOWY, ISSN: 1731-2795, Vol.4, pp.1-15, 2010

Abstract:
This work presents an attempt to evaluate a stage of mechanical and structural degradation of 40HNMA steel, used for example in automotive industry, by means of non-destructive and destructive methods. The modern ultrasonic and magnetic investigation were mainly applied

Affiliations:
Makowska K. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
121.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T., On the mutual interactions of monotonic and cyclic loading and their effect on the strength of aluminum alloys, APPLIED MECHANICS AND MATERIALS, ISSN: 1662-7482, Vol.24-25, pp.213-218, 2010
122.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szelążek J., Mackiewicz S., Augustyniak B., Experimental damage analysis of steel after exploitation loading, EPJ Web of Conferences, ISSN: 2100-014X, DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20100643001, Vol.6, pp.1-8, 2010

Abstract:
Development of creep damage at elevated temperatures and structural degradation due to plastic deformation at room temperature were assessed using destructive and non-destructive methods in steels commonly applied in power plants (40HNMA, 13HMF and P91). As destructive methods the standard tension tests were carried out after every kind of prestraining. Subsequently, an evolution of the selected tension parameters was taken into account for damage identification. In order to assess a damage development during the creep and plastic deformation the tests for the steels were interrupted for a range of the selected strain magnitudes. The ultrasonic and magnetic techniques were used as the non-destructive methods for damage evaluation. The experimental programme also contained microscopic observations.

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Szelążek J. - IPPT PAN
Mackiewicz S. - IPPT PAN
Augustyniak B. - Gdańsk University of Technology (PL)
123.  Szelążek J., Mackiewicz S., Kowalewski Z.L., New samples with artificial voids for ultrasonic investigation of material damage due to creep, NDT AND E INTERNATIONAL, ISSN: 0963-8695, Vol.42, pp.150-156, 2009

Abstract:
This paper describes the application of acoustic birefringence measurement for evaluation of material degradation due to creep. The problem with ultrasonic investigation of the influence of creep-induced voids on ultrasonic wave velocities is the lack of samples containing well-defined voids. The only way to‘‘produce’’ damaged material with numerous voids is accelerated creep laboratory test or long-term service of material in high temperature and stress. To describe voids it is necessary to perform laborious metallographic examination of damaged material. Paper presents glass samples with artificial semi-flat voids created with laser engraving technique. Results of ultrasonic wave velocities and acoustic birefringence measurements in glass samples proved that laser engraving can be helpful for the experimental investigation of voids influence on solid acoustic properties.

Keywords:
Ultrasound, Birefringence, Creep, Artificial voids

Affiliations:
Szelążek J. - IPPT PAN
Mackiewicz S. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
124.  Dietrich L., Rutecka A., Kowalewski Z.L., Assessment of exploitation properties of cast aluminium alloys on the basis of creep and LCF investigations, Archive of Mechanical Engineering, ISSN: 0004-0738, Vol.LVI, No.4, pp.405-412, 2009

Abstract:
The paper presents experimental results of creep and low cycle fatigue (LCF) tests carried out on the as-received cast aluminium alloys with different chemical composition and porosity. The test programmes contain creep investigations under step-increased stresses at different temperatures, and cyclic plasticity under different strain amplitudes and temperatures

Keywords:
creep, low cycle fatigue, aluminium alloys

Affiliations:
Dietrich L. - IPPT PAN
Rutecka A. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
125.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T., Variation of mechanical parameters of engineering materials under tension due to cyclic deformation br torsion, ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS (ROZPRAWY INŻYNIERSKIE), ISSN: 0867-888X, Vol.57, No.2, pp.113-123, 2009

Abstract:
The paper presents experimental results of investigations carried out under complex stress state on the 2024 aluminium alloy (used by aircraft industry) and P91 steel (used at power plants). Second-order effects associated with cyclic loadings enforced by the trapezoidal signals in the two mutually perpendicular directions are identified. It is shown, how the cyclic loading and its parameters (strain amplitude and frequency) influence the simultaneous monotonic loading in the direction perpendicular with respect to the cyclic one. Moreover, the paper presents an analysis of the selected mechanical properties variations on the basis of an initial yield locus evolution.

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
126.  Kowalewski Z.L., Mackiewicz S., Szelążek J., Pietrzak K., Augustyniak B., Evaluation of damage in steels subjected to prior deformation - destructive and nondestructive techniques, Journal of Multiscale Modeling, ISSN: 1756-9737, Vol.1, pp.479-499, 2009
127.  Augustyniak B., Chmielewski M., Piotrowski L., Kowalewski Z.L., Comparison of properties of magnetoacoustic emission and mechanical Barkhausen effects for P91 steel after plastic flow and creep, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, ISSN: 0018-9464, DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2008.2002525, Vol.44, pp.3273-3276, 2008

Abstract:
The correlation between magnetoacoustic emission intensity and mechanical Barkhausen effect intensity has been tested in the case of P91 steel having different microstructure states due to either plastic flow at room temperature or speeded-up creep, performed under stress 290 MPa at temperature 773 K. The plastic strain range for the first set of samples has been from 2.0% up to 10.5% and for the second one from 0.85% up to 10.0%. Both effects revealed analogous monotonous decrease of their intensities as a function of resulting plastic strain. The decrease was higher for plastic flow than for creep. Those results are well consistent with results of tensile tests of the as damaged samples.

Keywords:
Magnetic properties, Mechanical factors, Steel, Plastics, Creep, Testing, Temperature distribution, Microstructure, Performance evaluation, Stress

Affiliations:
Augustyniak B. - Gdańsk University of Technology (PL)
Chmielewski M. - Gdańsk University of Technology (PL)
Piotrowski L. - Gdansk University of Technology (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
128.  Pietrzak K., Klasik A., Kowalewski Z.L., Rudnik D., Quantitative relationships between microstructural and mechanical parameters of steels with different carbon content, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS B, ISSN: 0217-9792, DOI: 10.1142/S0217979208051224, Vol.22, pp.5819-5824, 2008

Abstract:
The steels of different carbon content were tested with respect to their microstructural and selected mechanical parameters variations. The original combinatorial method, based on the phase quanta theory, was applied in the quantitative metallographic assessment. Hence, the adequate geometrical parameters of steel microstructure were possible to be determined. Moreover, the selected mechanical parameters of the materials were evaluated using non-destructive and destructive methods. The results enabled to formulate some significant quantitative relationships between microstructure and mechanical parameters.

Keywords:
Steel, phase composition, quantitative metallography, mechanical behaviour

Affiliations:
Pietrzak K. - other affiliation
Klasik A. - other affiliation
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Rudnik D. - other affiliation
129.  Rudnik D., Kowalewski Z.L., Pietrzak K., Wojciechowski A., An influence of selected mechanical parameters of MMC on the thermal shock resistance, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS B, ISSN: 0217-9792, Vol.22, pp.5807-5812, 2008
130.  Kowalewski Z.L., Mackiewicz S., Szelążek J., Evaluation of damage in steels subjected to exploitation loading - destructive and non-destructive methods, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS B, ISSN: 0217-9792, Vol.22, pp.5533-5538, 2008
131.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Rutecka A., Material responses to the laboratory simulation of complex cyclic loadings, JOURNAL OF KONES, ISSN: 1231-4005, Vol.15, No.3, pp.509-516, 2008
132.  Kowalewski Z.L., Klepaczko J., Malinowski J.Z., Miniaturized compression test at very high strain rates by direct impact, EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS, ISSN: 0014-4851, DOI: 10.1007/s11340-006-9007-7, Vol.47, pp.451-463, 2007

Abstract:
A modified miniaturized version of the Direct Impact Compression Test (DICT) technique is described in this paper. The method permits determination of the rate-sensitive plastic properties of materials up to strain rate∼105s−1. Miniaturization of the experimental setup with specimen dimensions: diameter dS=2.0 mm and thicknesslS=1.0 mm, Hopkinson bar diameter 5.2 mm, with application of a novel optical arrangement in measurement of specimen strain, makes possible compression tests at strain rates from∼103s−1to∼105s−1. In order to estimate the rate sensitivity of a low-alloy construction steel, quasi-static, Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) and DICT tests have been performed at room temperature within the rate spectrum ranging from 5*10−4s−1to5*104s−1. A diabatic heating and friction effects are analyzed and the final true stress versus true strain curves at different strain rates are corrected to a constant temperature and zero friction. The results have been analyzed in the form of true stress versus the logarithm of strain rate and they show two regions of a constant rate sensitivity β¼Δσ.log": relatively low up to the strainrate threshold∼50 s−1, and relatively high above the threshold, up to strain rate∼4.5*104s−1.

Keywords:
Direct Impact Compression Test (DICT), Dynamic plasticity, Mild Steel, High strain rate

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Klepaczko J. - IPPT PAN
Malinowski J.Z. - IPPT PAN
133.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szelążek J., Mackiewicz S., Destructive and ultrasonic investigation of damage identification in metallic materials, KEY ENGINEERING MATERIALS, ISSN: 1662-9795, DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.340-341.229, Vol.340-341, pp.229-234, 2007

Abstract:
Damage development due to creep under uniaxial tension at elevated temperatures is assessed using destructive and non-destructive methods in steels, commonly used in power plants or chemical industry, and in aluminium alloy used in aircrafts for responsible elements. The results obtained using two different destructive methods for assessments of damage development are critically discussed. In the first method the specimens of steel after different amounts of creep prestraining were stretched up to failure and variations of the selected tension parameters were taken into account for damage identification. In the second one, a damage degree was evaluated by studying variations of an initial yield locus position in the stress space and by determination of the yield loci dimensions. The ultrasonic investigations were selected as the non-destructive method for damage development evaluation.

Keywords:
Creep, Damage, Mechanical Parameters, Ultrasound (US), Yield Surface

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Szelążek J. - IPPT PAN
Mackiewicz S. - IPPT PAN
134.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T., Wpływ parametrów obciążeń cyklicznych na przebieg deformacji wskutek obciążeń monotonicznie narastających w kierunku ortogonalnym, PRACE NAUKOWE POLITECHNIKI WARSZAWSKIEJ, SERIA: MECHANIKA, ISSN: 0137-2335, Vol.217, pp.61-66, 2007
135.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T., Ocena zmian właściwości mechanicznych stopu aluminium PA7 pod wpływem obciążeń cyklicznych., PRACE NAUKOWE POLITECHNIKI WARSZAWSKIEJ, SERIA: MECHANIKA, ISSN: 0137-2335, Vol.217, pp.55-60, 2007
136.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Laboratoryjne symulacje obciążeń cyklicznych determinujących zmiany właściwości mechanicznych materiałów konstrukcyjnych, PRZEGLĄD MECHANICZNY, ISSN: 0033-2259, Vol.LXV, No.7-8, pp.53-62, 2006
137.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Klasik A., Możliwości oceny jakości materiałów stosowanych w motoryzacji na podstawie badań próbek krzyżowych, Zeszyty ITS, Vol.4, 2006
138.  Kowalewski Z.L., Procesy uszkodzenia i zniszczenia towarzyszące zjawisku pełzania materiałów metalowych, Dozór Techniczny, ISSN: 0209-1763, Vol.6, pp.125-130, 2006
139.  Kowalewski Z.L., Deputat J., Metody doświadczalne identyfikacji wad materiałowych na podstawie analizy parametrów mechaniki pękania, Dozór Techniczny, ISSN: 0209-1763, Vol.2, pp.26-31, 2006
140.  Lin J., Kowalewski Z.L., Cao J., Creep rupture of copper and aluminum alloy under combined loadings - experiments and their various descriptions, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCES, ISSN: 0020-7403, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2005.02.010, Vol.47, pp.1038-1058, 2005

Abstract:
Creep tests are carried out under tension, pure torsion, and combined tension and torsion at an elevated temperature of 523K for pure copper and 423K for an aluminium alloy. Different creep and rupture properties of the materials are observed throughout the deformation process under the different stress states. The effects of stress states on primary creep, secondary creep, the failure and lifetime of the materials are analysed. A new set of multiaxial mechanisms-based creep damage constitutive equations has been formulated on the basis of analysis of previous creep models. The proposed unified creep damage constitutive equations are determined using experimental data achieved for both materials at three effective stress levels. Creep tests for each stress level were carried out for three stress states. The comparison of experimental and computed effective creep strain curves is carried out for all the stress states and stress levels tested for both materials. In addition, it has been verified that the determined multi-stress-state creep damage constitutive equations can be used to predict the isochronous surfaces of the materials very precisely. To compare with conventional constitutive descriptions, a set of multiaxial constitutive equations is also determined for the experimental data of the two materials using the same optimisation techniques. The quality of the fittings is compared and further discussion is carried out for the stress-state variable x.

Affiliations:
Lin J. - National Chung Cheng University (TW)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Cao J. - other affiliation
141.  Mackiewicz S., Kowalewski Z.L., Szelążek J., Deputat J., Badania mechaniczne i ultradźwiękowe stanu uszkodzenia materiałów wskutek procesu pełzania, PRZEGLĄD MECHANICZNY, ISSN: 0033-2259, Vol.LXIV, No.7-8, pp.15-24, 2005
142.  Kowalewski Z.L., Creep analysis of M1E copper and PA6 aluminum alloy subjected to prior plastic deformation, JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED MECHANICS, ISSN: 1429-2955, Vol.43, No.2, pp.241-256, 2005
143.  Kowalewski Z.L., Deputat J., Identyfikacja wad materiałowych w ujęciu mechaniki pękania – podstawy teoretyczne, Dozór Techniczny, ISSN: 0209-1763, pp.105/128-109/134, 2005
144.  Kowalewski Z.L., Creep of Metals Subjected to Prior Plastic Deformation, KEY ENGINEERING MATERIALS, ISSN: 1662-9795, DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.274-276.913, Vol.274-276, pp.913-918, 2004

Abstract:
An influence of prior tensile plastic deformation on the basic creep parameters such as minimum creep rate, time to rupture, duration of creep stages and ductility is studied for copper and aluminium alloy. The materials were tested at two different temperatures; copper at 523 K and 573 K; aluminium alloy at 423 K and 473 K. It is shown for both materials, that depending on the deformation history the basic creep parameters may attain values which are more beneficial from engineering point of view than those for the nonprestrained material determined. It is also shown that in some cases prior plastic deformation may lead to the detrimental effects expressed by the lifetime reduction. The experimental data achieved are discussed in detail and used to verify the basic assumptions of the recovery creep theory.

Keywords:
Creep, Plastic Deformation, Creep Rupture, Lifetime, Minimum Creep Rate

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
145.  Kowalewski Z.L., Turski K., Multiaxial Proportional and Non-Proportional Cyclic Behaviour of 40H Steel and PA6 Aluminium Alloy, KEY ENGINEERING MATERIALS, ISSN: 1662-9795, DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.233-236.269, Vol.233-236, pp.269-274, 2003

Abstract:
The phenomena arising during proportional and non-proportional cyclic loadings are experimentally investigated for 40H steel and PA6 aluminium alloy. Variations of the mechanical properties due to different two types of cyclic loading are assessed on the basis of the yield surface evolution. Effects of strain rate and magnitude of cyclic loading amplitude are also considered. Analysis of the stress and strain signals during non-proportional cyclic loading along circular path has shown significant effect of a phase shift of the maximum stress with respect to the corresponding maximum strain, which was not observed during tests carried out along proportional loading paths

Keywords:
Additional Hardening, Non-Proportional Cyclic Loading, Phase Shift, Yield Surfaces

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Turski K. - IPPT PAN
146.  Kowalewski Z.L., Analiza procesu pełzania oraz jego wpływu na zachowanie metali w jednoosiowym i złożonym stanie naprężenia (Praca habilitacyjna), Prace IPPT - IFTR Reports, ISSN: 2299-3657, No.7, pp.1-250, 1996
147.  Kowalewski Z.L., Śliwowski M., Socha G., Określanie cyklicznych właściwości stali 18G2A na podstawie krzywych szkieletowych dla płaskiego stanu naprężenia, Prace IPPT - IFTR Reports, ISSN: 2299-3657, No.32, pp.1-53, 1994
148.  Kowalewski Z.L., Zmiany parametrów wytrzymałościowych stali kotłowej 15HM pod wpływem wstępnej deformacji plastycznej przy stałych i monotonicznych obciążeniach, Prace IPPT - IFTR Reports, ISSN: 2299-3657, No.30, pp.1-40, 1994
149.  Dietrich L., Kowalewski Z.L., Śliwowski M., Socha G., Charakterystyka cyklicznych właściwości stopu aluminium na podstawie badań w złożonym stanie naprężenia, Prace IPPT - IFTR Reports, ISSN: 2299-3657, No.29, pp.1-60, 1994
150.  Dietrich L., Kowalewski Z.L., Śliwowski M., Zmiany parametrów anizotropii stopu aluminium pod wpływem deformacji cyklicznej, Prace IPPT - IFTR Reports, ISSN: 2299-3657, No.27, pp.1-48, 1994
151.  Kowalewski Z.L., Śliwowski M., Socha G., Wpływ różnokierunkowej deformacji cyklicznej na ewolucję powierzchni plastyczności stali 18G2A, Prace IPPT - IFTR Reports, ISSN: 2299-3657, No.25, pp.1-50, 1994
152.  Dietrich L., Kowalewski Z.L., Rozwój anizotropowych własności miedzi pod wpływem deformacji plastycznej przy pełzaniu i monotonicznym obciążaniu, Prace IPPT - IFTR Reports, ISSN: 2299-3657, No.23, pp.1-42, 1994
153.  Kowalewski Z.L., Wpływ wtórnej anizotropii plastycznej na pełzanie metali w złożonym stanie naprężenia (Praca doktorska), Prace IPPT - IFTR Reports, ISSN: 2299-3657, No.36, pp.1-229, 1987

List of recent monographs
1. 
Kowalewski Z.L., Popielski P., Imiełowski Sz., Ćwiczenia laboratoryjne z wytrzymałości materiałów, Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej (Warszawa), pp.1-178, 2013
2. 
Kowalewski Z.L., Podstawy Wytrzymałości Materiałów, Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej (Warszawa), pp.1-376, 2010
3. 
Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Wpływ rodzaju obciążenia na właściwości mechaniczne materiałów, Instytut Transportu Samochodowego (Warszawa), pp.1-173, 2009
4. 
Kowalewski Z.L., Kierunki i perspektywy rozwoju badań wytrzymałościowych, Instytut Transportu Samochodowego (Warszawa), pp.1-227, 2008
5. 
Kowalewski Z.L., Współczesne badania wytrzymałościowe: kierunki i perspektywy rozwoju, Biuro Gamma (Warszawa), pp.1-198, 2008
6. 
Malinowski J.Z., Kowalewski Z.L., Kruszka L., Doświadczalna metoda oraz badania plastycznego płynięcia metali w zakresie bardzo wysokich prędkości odkształcenia, IPPT PAN, pp.1-88, 2007
7. 
Kowalewski Z.L., Popielski P., Ćwiczenia laboratoryjne z wytrzymałości materiałów, Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej (Warszawa), pp.1-157, 2006
8. 
Kowalewski Z.L., Pełzanie metali. Techniki badań, mechanizmy i przykładowe wyniki, Biuro Gamma (Warszawa), pp.1-173, 2005
9. 
Kowalewski Z.L., Zjawisko pełzania metali, Eksperyment i modelowanie, Biblioteka Mechaniki Stosowanej, Monografie, IPPT PAN, LAPROMAT (Warszawa), pp.1-212, 2005

List of chapters in recent monographs
1. 
Kowalewski Z.L., Ustrzycka A., Szymczak T., Makowska K., Kukla D., Plasticity, Damage and Fracture in Advanced Materials, rozdział: Damage Identification Supported by Nondestructive Testing Techniques, Springer International Publishing, pp.67-117, 2020
2. 
Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Lasota P., Eksploatacja sprzętu wojskowego Problemy i rozwiązania, rozdział: Określanie przebijalności materiałów stosowanych na osłony balistyczne przy użyciu kolumnowego młota opadowego, Wojskowy Instytut Techniki Pancernej i Samochodowej, Sulejówek, BEL Studio Sp. z o.o., Warszawa, I, pp.18-28, 2019
3. 
Ustrzycka A., Szuwalski K., Kowalewski Z.L., Advances in Mechanics of Materials and Structural Analysis, rozdział: Optimal Design of Disks Under Large Creep Deformation, Springer International Publishing, 80, pp.387-418, 2018
4. 
Kowalewski Z.L., 60 Lat Polskiego Towarzystwa Mechniki Teoretycznej I Stosowanej, rozdział: Polskie Towarzystwo Mechaniki Teoretycznej i Stosowanej w pierwszej dekadzie po pięćdziesiątce, Polskie Towarzystwo Mechaniki Teoretycznej i Stosowanej, Warszawa, pp.13-46, 2018
5. 
Kowalewski Z.L., 60 Lat Polskiego Towarzystwa Mechniki Teoretycznej I Stosowanej, rozdział: Sylwetki przewodniczących Polskiego Towarzystwa Mechaniki Teoretycznej i Stosowanej, Polskie Towarzystwo Mechaniki Teoretycznej i Stosowanej, Warszawa, pp.67-107, 2018
6. 
Kowalewski Z.L., Ustrzycka A., Encyclopedia of Continuum Mechanics, rozdział: Creep Deformation, Springer, 1, pp.1-10, 2018
7. 
Kowalewski Z.L., From Creep Damage Mechanics to Homogenization Methods, rozdział: Methods for Creep Rupture Analysis - Previous Attempts and New Challenges, Springer, Altenbach H., Matsuda T., Okumura D. (Eds.), pp.163-198, 2015
8. 
Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T., Maciejewski J., Inelastic Behavior of Materials and Structures Under Monotonic and Cyclic Loading, rozdział: Experimental and Numerical Investigations of the Effects Associated to Complex Loading Combinations, Springer, Altenbach H., Brunig M. (Eds.), pp.117-142, 2015
9. 
Kowalewski Z.L., Encyclopedia of Thermal Stresses, rozdział: Thermo-creep damage in Cu/Al alloys, Springer, Dordrecht, Holland, edit. by R.B. Hetnarski, LXXXIII (11 vols.), 10, pp.5558-5566, 2014
10. 
Kowalewski Z.L., 4. Konf. Naukowo-Tech. Diagnostyka Materiałów i Urządzeń Technicznych, rozdział: Miary uszkodzenia w badaniach pełzania i zmęczenia materiałów konstrukcyjnych, Politechnika Gdańska, pp.1-15, 2012
11. 
Wojciechowski A., Kowalewski Z.L., Pietrzak K., Darłak P., Rudnik D., Lasota P., Klasik A., Innowacje w odlewnictwie, rozdział: Wybrane charakterystyki materiałowe nowoczesnych tworzyw z przeznaczeniem dla przemysłu motoryzacyjnego, Instytut Odlewnictwa (Kraków), Sobczak J. (Ed.), 2, pp.249-257, 2008

Editor of monographs
1. 
Kowalewski Z. L., Kopeć M., Rudnik D., Widłaszewski J., Book of Abstracts. 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, pp.1-380, 2022
2. 
Kowalewski Z.L., Pieczyska E., Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics, Phys. Sci. Forum, Physical Sciences Forum, MDPI, St. Alban-Anlage 66, 4052 Basel, Switzerland, 4, pp.1-34, 2022
3. 
Altenbach H., Brünig M., Kowalewski Z.L., Plasticity, Damage and Fracture in Advanced Materials, Springer International Publishing, 121, pp.1-213, 2020

Conference papers
1.  Kowalewski Z.L., Kukla D., Szymczak T., Makowska K., POSTĘPY W DIAGNOSTYCE ROZWOJU USZKODZENIA MATERIAŁÓW PODDAWANYCH SYMULOWANYM OBCIĄŻENIOM EKSPLOATACYJNYM - BLASKI I CIENIE, XXVI Seminarium NIENISZCZĄCE BADANIA MATERIAŁÓW, 2023-05-23/05-26, Zakopane (PL), pp.19-42, 2023
2.  Kowalewski Z.L., Kopeć M., Ustrzycka A., Advances in Experimental Mechanics Related to Novel Materials Tested under Monotonic and Cyclic Loading Conditions, EAN, 60th Annual International Conference on Experimental Stress Analysis, 2022-06-07/06-09, Praha (CZ), pp.1-13, 2022

Abstract:
This paper presents several attempts to use novel optical techniques for damage evaluation of materials subjected to either monotonic or cyclic loading and its monitoring on specimens made of the nickel super-alloy and power engineering steel. Effectiveness in damage analysis of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) is compared.

Keywords:
fatigue, damage, optical full-field methods

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Ustrzycka A. - IPPT PAN
3.  Dubey V.P., Kopeć M., Mallick A., Kowalewski Z.L., The effect of enhanced solid solubility on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Cr solid solution by powder metallurgy process, XXII Międzynarodowa Studencka Sesja Naukowa “Materiały i Technologie XXI Wieku, 2021-05-28/05-28, on-line Katowice (PL), pp.59-64, 2021

Abstract:
Al-Cr alloys are usually used in home appliances, automotive, marine and aerospace applications as these possess superior properties like high strength-to-weight ratio, good corrosion resistance and workability. In Al-Cr alloys, chromium has severely limited strengthening effects due to its relatively low solid solubility in the aluminium matrix. The high content of chromium in Al matrix leads to the discontinuous precipitation with coarse Al7Cr intermetallic phase. In this study, powder metallurgy (P/M) technique followed by microwave assisted sintering was adopted for the synthesis of Al-xCr (x = 0, 2.5 and 5 wt%) alloys to enhance the solid solubility of Cr. Specimens were sintered at 560 ºC for one hour and cooled inside the microwave atmosphere. Sintered specimens were hot extruded and characterized in terms of the mechanical properties. Mechanical characterization showed that the addition of Cr as alloying element leads to an increase in microhardness, 0.2% tensile yield strength (TYS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the Al-alloy. However, the ductility of the Al-alloys was significantly decreased by the incorporation of Cr particulates in the aluminium matrix.

Keywords:
Al-Cr system, powder metallurgy technique, hybrid microwave sintering, mechanical properties

Affiliations:
Dubey V.P. - IPPT PAN
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Mallick A. - Indian Institute of Technology (IN)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
4.  Barwińska I., Durejko T., Kopeć M., Kowalewski Z.L., Ocena możliwości regeneracji części maszyn i urządzeń z wykorzystaniem systemu LENS, XXII Międzynarodowa Studencka Sesja Naukowa “Materiały i Technologie XXI Wieku, 2021-05-28/05-28, on-line Katowice (PL), pp.21-27, 2021

Abstract:
W niniejszej pracy zaproponowano wykorzystanie metody LENS do regeneracji modelowych elementów wykonanych ze stopu Inconel 625. Podczas badań wstępnych użyto sferycznego proszku ze stopu Inconel 625 o wielkości cząstek z przedziału 50-100 um oraz materiału podłoża wykonanego z tego samego materiału. Próby regeneracji przeprowadzono z użyciem lasera o mocy 550 W przy szybkości podawania proszku równej 12 RPM. Zastosowano trzy różne metody wypełniania modelowych ubytków, tj.: wypełnienie bez konturu (tylko w objętości modelowego ubytku), wypełnienie z konturem i w objętości ubytku oraz wypełnieniem tylko w postaci konturu. Po przeprowadzonych badaniach stwierdzono, że regeneracja powinna przebiegać na podgrzewanym podłożu, a proces napawania należy realizować w więcej niż dwóch przejściach, co do grubości napoiny.

Keywords:
technologie laserowe 3D, regeneracja, LENS (Laser Engineered Net Shaping), techniki przyrostowe

Affiliations:
Barwińska I. - IPPT PAN
Durejko T. - Military University of Technology (PL)
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
5.  Szymczak T., Brodecki A., Kowalewski Z.L., Mechaniczne urządzenia sprzęgające w teście trwałościowym, X Ogólnopolska Konferencja Naukowa - EKSPLOBALIS 2021, 2021-09-27/09-29, Łochów (PL), pp.1-39, 2021
6.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., The high strength steel and its weld under impact, DAS37, 37th Danubia Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics, 2021-09-21/09-24, Linz (AT), pp.83-84, 2021
7.  Libura T., Matadi Boumbimba R., Rusinek A., Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Gerard P., Effect of uniaxial fatigue aging and fabric orientation on low velocity impact of composite laminates, DAS37, 37th Danubia Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics, 2021-09-21/09-24, Linz (AT), pp.81-82, 2021
8.  Makowska K., Kowalewski Z.L., Wykorzystanie parametrów szumu Barkhausena do oceny właściwości mechanicznych materiałów konstrukcyjnych, XIII NKRM 2019, XIII Konferencja Nowe Kierunki Rozwoju Mechaniki, 2019-03-20/03-23, Będlewo (PL), pp.47-48, 2019

Keywords:
stale wysokowytrzymałe, szum Barkhausena, twardość, wytrzymałość na rozciąganie, mikrostruktura

Affiliations:
Makowska K. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
9.  Libura T., Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T., Wpływ cyklicznego obciążenia na odporność na uderzenia laminatu z żywicy termoplastycznej wzmocnionej tkaniną z włókna szklanego, XIII NKRM 2019, XIII Konferencja Nowe Kierunki Rozwoju Mechaniki, 2019-03-20/03-23, Będlewo (PL), pp.41-42, 2019

Keywords:
kompozyty, żywice termoplastyczne, badania zmęczeniowe, udarność

Affiliations:
Libura T. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
10.  Kowalewski Z.L., Kukla D., Ustrzycka A., Evaluation of fatigue damage development supported by nondestructive technique, 10-th GGP, The 10th German-Greek-Polish Symposium, 2019-09-15/09-18, Będlewo (PL), pp.1-2, 2019

Abstract:
This paper presents an attempt to use the Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) for damage evaluation and its monitoring on specimens made of the P91 steel and aluminide coated nickel super-alloys subjected to monotonic or cyclic loading.

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Kukla D. - IPPT PAN
Ustrzycka A. - IPPT PAN
11.  Kowalewski Z.L., Nowak Z., Pęcherski R.B., Dynamic testing of materials using shpb and dict on typical and miniaturized specimens – numerical modelling and experiment, PSH, 7th International Conference on Protection of Structures against Hazards, 2018-10-30/10-31, Hanoi (VN), pp.174-183, 2018

Abstract:
The results of experimental and numerical investigations concerning the influence of strain rate on mechanical properties of pure tantalum and VP159 high nitrogen austenitic steel are presented. Experiments were carried out using Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) and Direct Impact Compression Test (DICT) technique. The Perzyna elasto-viscoplasticity theory was applied to predict the dynamic compression yield strength of the tantalum at strain rates from 1.0x10-3 s−1 to 0.5x106 s−1. In the case of the VP159 high nitrogen austenitic steel the experimental results were used to calibrate the Rusinek-Klepaczko model. There are still no sufficient data on the flow stress at higher strain rates than 1.0x105s−1, in particular for large strains. The experimental identification of material parameters required for constitutive modelling are not sufficiently reported. This paper is an attempt to supplement our knowledge in this area. The impact resistance of material in question is analysed numerically with use of ABAQUS/Explicit finite element program. The Huber-Mises-Hencky yield criterion and Perzyna viscoplasticity model with adiabatic conditions are used.

Keywords:
Dynamic tests, Direct Impact Compression Test, Hopkinson bar, punching effect

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Nowak Z. - IPPT PAN
Pęcherski R.B. - IPPT PAN
12.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T., Badania wytrzymałościowe połączeń spawanych w elementach wybranych konstrukcji, XXIV Seminarium NIENISZCZĄCE BADANIA MATERIAŁÓW, 2018-03-14/03-16, Zakopane (PL), pp.21-50, 2018
13.  Kowalewski Z.L., Ustrzycka A., Szymczak T., Fatigue Damage Analysis of Power Engineering Materials Using ESPI Method, ACAM9, 9TH Australasian Congress on Applied Mechanics, 2017-11-27/11-29, Sydney (AU), pp.1-8, 2017

Abstract:
In most cases, fatigue damage has a local character and it is based on damage development leading to generation of cracks appearing around structural defects or geometrical notches. An identification of these areas and their subsequent monitoring requires a full-field displacement measurements performed on the objects surfaces. This paper presents an attempt to use the Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) method for fatigue damage evaluation and its monitoring on specimens made of the P91 steel and aluminide coated nickel super-alloys. In this work, also a development of fatigue damage was investigated using destructive and non-destructive methods in materials commonly applied in power engineering or automotive industry. The fatigue tests for a range of different materials were interrupted for selected number of cycles in order to assess a damage degree. As destructive methods the standard tensile tests were carried out after prestraining due to fatigue. Subsequently, an evolution of the selected tensile parameters was taken into account for damage identification. The ultrasonic or magnetic techniques were used as the non-destructive methods for damage evaluation. In the final step of the experimental programme microscopic observations were performed. The results show that ultrasonic and magnetic parameters can be correlated with those coming from destructive tests. It is shown that good correlation of mechanical and selected non-destructive parameters identifying damage can be achieved for the materials tested

Keywords:
Fatigue, damage, optical methods, non-destructive techniques

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Ustrzycka A. - IPPT PAN
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
14.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T., Kraskowski J., Chojnacki A., Mechanika pękania na tropach awarii konstrukcji i defektów materiałowych, XXIII Seminarium NIENISZCZĄCE BADANIA MATERIAŁÓW, 2017-03-15/03-17, Zakopane (PL), pp.39-74, 2017
15.  Grzywna P., Kukla D., Kowalewski Z.L., Kopeć M., Wyszkowski M., Zastosowanie elektronicznej interferometrii plamkowej do lokalizacji uszkodzeń zmęczeniowych, XXIII Seminarium NIENISZCZĄCE BADANIA MATERIAŁÓW, 2017-03-15/03-17, Zakopane (PL), pp.171-188, 2017
16.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Brodecki A., An influence of notch type on material behaviour under monotonic tension, CMM, 3rd Polish Congress of Mechanics and 21st International Conference on Computer Methods in Mechanics, 2015-09-08/09-11, Gdańsk (PL), pp.567-571, 2016
17.  Kukla D., Kowalewski Z.L., Influence of aluminum layer thickness on the fatigue properties of super-nickel alloy and crack detection by non-destructive techniques, CMM, 3rd Polish Congress of Mechanics and 21st International Conference on Computer Methods in Mechanics, 2015-09-08/09-11, Gdańsk (PL), pp.317-320, 2016
18.  Kowalewski Z.L., Grzywna P., Kukla D., Experimental attempts for creep and fatigue damage analysis of materials – state of the art and new challenges, CMM, 3rd Polish Congress of Mechanics and 21st International Conference on Computer Methods in Mechanics, 2015-09-08/09-11, Gdańsk (PL), pp.17-25, 2016
19.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Brodecki A., Determination of artificial defects in material under monotonic tension by the use of FEM and DIC methods, Materials Today: Proceedings, ISSN: 2214-7853, DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2016.03.011, No.3, pp.1171-1176, 2016

Abstract:
The paper concerns numerical and experimental investigations carried out for determination of an influence of holes on material behaviour under monotonic tension. The 40Cr steel commonly applied in automotive and power plant branches of industry was tested. The analysis was performed by the use of analytical and Finite Element Method calculations. It enabled identification of stress concentration/maximum stress versus hole diameter relationships, and the HMH stress distribution. Full-field contactless Digital Image Correlation (DIC) system was used for capturing the effective strain variations from the beginning of test up to specimen fracture. It enabled us to indicate the most important stress concentrator, and moreover, distribution of the HMH effective strain in 2D coordinate system. A comparison of tensile characteristic obtained by means of smooth and perforated specimens showed 70% reduction of yield point and 50% lowering of elongation as an effect of the artificial defects introduced.

Keywords:
Monotonic tension, holes, steel, stress concentration factor, maximum stress, yield point, ductility, FEM, DIC

Affiliations:
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Brodecki A. - other affiliation
20.  Libura T., Kowalewski Z.L., Dietrich L., Socha G., Anti-buckling system for flat specimens investigations under cyclic tension-compression, Materials Today: Proceedings, ISSN: 2214-7853, DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2016.03.045, No.3, pp.1045-1050, 2016

Abstract:
Modern automobile and airplane structures made of sheet metals or composites require usage of thinner and stronger materials. On the other hand, manufacturers are trying to reduce production costs by shortening the fabrication processes and by application of computed simulation for forming operation. Therefore, it is necessary to better understand and more accurately investigate deformation behaviour of sheet alloys. Testing of flat specimens under compression and cyclic tension-compression within large deformation procures a lot of problems. One of them is the buckling phenomenon. A new version of the device mounted in a standard testing machine was developed and geometry of the specimen for validation of the device was proposed. Specimens of DP690 steel with nominal thickness equal to 1.6 mm were investigated at ambient temperature. Tension-compression cyclic tests within a strain range ± 0.04 were executed starting in tension direction. It is shown that the results are repeatable.

Keywords:
Buckling, cyclic loading, fixture, thin sheets

Affiliations:
Libura T. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Dietrich L. - IPPT PAN
Socha G. - other affiliation
21.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Ocena zachowania materiałów i elementów konstrukcyjnych w międzylaboratoryjnych próbach statycznych i zmęczeniowych z użyciem nowoczesnych technik pomiarowych, IX Międzynarodowa Konferencja „Laboratoria Badawcze – Systemy Jakości w Unii Europejskiej”, Polsko-Niemieckie Forum Badań Materiałowych – Prezentacja Doświadczeń, 2016-06-09/06-11, Saksonia-Drezno-Zamek Kliczków (DE), pp.157-170, 2016
22.  Kowalewski Z.L., Dietrich L., Kopeć M., Szymczak T., Grzywna P., Nowoczesne systemy optyczne w badaniach mechanicznych – budowa, działanie, zastosowania, XXII Seminarium NIENISZCZĄCE BADANIA MATERIAŁÓW, 2016-03-16/03-18, Zakopane (PL), pp.5-36, 2016
23.  Kowalewski Z.L., Dietrich L., Socha G., Experimental investigation of thin metal sheets under tension-compression cyclic loading, ACAM 8, 8th Australasian Congress on Applied. Mechanics, 2014-11-23/11-26, Melbourne (AU), pp.1-10, 2014

Abstract:
Strength and durability of thin-walled structures are usually calculated with the use of computer simulations. To perform such simulations using Finite Element Method the characteristics of a material subjected to monotonic tension/or compression and tension-compression cyclic loading are necessary for example. Experimental determination of such kind of characteristics is usually performed on specimens cut out from metal or composite thin sheet. Problems associated with material testing on flat specimens under large deformation are discussed in detail by this paper. In the first part, a short review of the antibuckling fixtures developed up to now is given. Several representative solutions including the applied design are discussed, with special emphasis on the technique limitations. In the second part, the results of investigations carried out on steel and brass using the new fixture for the flat specimens testing are presented.

Keywords:
fixture, large deformations, tension-compression tests, thin metal sheet

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Dietrich L. - IPPT PAN
Socha G. - other affiliation
24.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T., Maciejewski J., Effects observed under monotonic-cyclic loading combinations: experiment and modelling, PACAM, 14th Pan-American Congress of Applied Mechanics, 2014-03-24/03-28, Santiago (CL), pp.1-6, 2014

Abstract:
The effects often taking place during proportional and non-proportional types of loading were identified experimentally and modelled numerically. In the case of non-proportional cyclic loading along circular strain path the second order effects such as: phase shift between stress and strain signals were discovered. An analysis of experimental data from tests under non-proportional cyclic loading along square strain path exhibited a significant reduction of stress independently on direction of deformation. The paper also presents experimental results concerning evaluation of an influence of cyclic loading on mechanical parameters during monotonic deformation carried out on the 2024 aluminium alloy and X10CrMoVNb9-1 steel. All strain-controlled tests were conducted at room temperature using thin-walled tubular specimens. The experimental programme contained selected combinations of monotonic and cyclic loadings, i.e. the torsion-reverse-torsion cycles were superimposed on the monotonic tension. It is shown that such cycles caused essential variations of the tension characteristics. A significant decrease of the tension stress was observed. The effects occured during monotonic and cyclic loading combinations were described using Mróz and Maciejewski model. Reasonable good predictions of: hysteresis loops and stress responses for the square and circular loading paths and tensile curves assisted by torsion cycles were obtained

Keywords:
cyclic loading, hardening, softening, complex stress state

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Maciejewski J. - other affiliation
25.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T., Podstawy tensometrii elektrooporowej oraz praktyczne jej zastosowania, XIX Seminarium NIENISZCZĄCE BADANIA MATERIAŁÓW, 2013-03-12/03-15, Zakopane (PL), Vol.1, pp.69-91, 2013
26.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T., Makowska K., Pietrzak K., Damage Indicators During Fatigue of Metal Matrix Composites, 4th International Conference on Nonlinear Dynamics, 2013-06-19/06-22, Sevastopol (UA), pp.1-6, 2013

Abstract:
Selected damage measures applied for degradation description of engineering materials subjected to fatigue loading conditions are presented. In addition to well - known measures the new concepts of fatigue damage development are discussed using known mechanisms of cyclic plasticity and ratcheting. Their usefulness was studied on the basis of experimental results for modern metal matrix composites commonly applied in many branches of the industry.

Keywords:
Damage, fatigue, composites

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Makowska K. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Pietrzak K. - other affiliation
27.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T., Variation of tensile characteristic and mechanical parameters of power engineering steels due to cyclic loading, ICEM15, 15th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics, 2012-07-22/07-27, Porto (PT), pp.1-9, 2012

Abstract:
This paper presents experimental results of tests carried out at room temperature on power engineering steels: P91 (X10CrMoVNb9-1), 10H2M (11CrMo9-10) using thin-walled tubular specimens under biaxial stress state. The loading programme comprised two different types of deformation obtained by monotonic tension and torsional cycles. The values of axial strain and cyclic shear strain amplitude were small and did not exceed 1%. In the case of both materials tested, a significant reduction of the axial stress was achieved. It was even equal to 90% for the 10H2M steel.

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
28.  Pieczyska E.A., Tobushi H., Takeda K., Kulasiński K., Kowalewski Z.L., Moćko W., Luckner J., Temperature assessment of TiNi shape memory alloy subjected to compression at quasistatic and dynamic strain rates, ICEM15, 15th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics, 2012-07-22/07-27, Porto (PT), No.1, pp.1145-1146, 2012

Abstract:
This work compares the thermomechanical behavior of TiNi shape memory alloy subjected to the compression test performed under various strain rates. The mechanical characteristics of the material were elaborated. The specimen temperature changes related to the exothermic martensitic forward and endothermic reverse transformation were measured in a contact-less manner by a very fast and sensitive infrared camera. It has been found that in this experimental conditions the stress-induced transformation and reorientation processes occurred homogeneously, since the temperature distribution observed on the specimen surface was uniform. The obtained temperature variation depends on the strain rate applied. At the higher strain rate the higher temperature changes were obtained, because the heat flow to the surroundings was lower and the process was closer to adiabatic conditions. The temperature changes influence significantly the SMA stress-strain curves and their mechanical properties.

Keywords:
shape memory alloy, various strain rates, compression tests, exothermic martensitic forward, endothermic reverse transformation, fast and sensitive infrared camera

Affiliations:
Pieczyska E.A. - IPPT PAN
Tobushi H. - Aichi Institute of Technology (JP)
Takeda K. - Aichi Institute of Technology (JP)
Kulasiński K. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Moćko W. - IPPT PAN
Luckner J. - IPPT PAN
29.  Moćko W., Kowalewski Z.L., Impact resistance of VP159 high nitrogen steel, ICEM15, 15th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics, 2012-07-22/07-27, Porto (PT), No.1, pp.613-614, 2012

Abstract:
This work presents the impact resistance results of investigation on the VP159 high nitrogen steel. The tests were carried out using the Instron impact system at the projectile velocity equal to 12,5 m/s. The experimental results were compared to the FE predictions. The Rusinek-Klepaczko constitutive model was applied to describe mechanical response of tested material. It was concluded that the FE results were in a good agreement with the experiment.

Affiliations:
Moćko W. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
30.  Kukla D., Dietrich L., Kowalewski Z.L., Grzywna P., Ocena rozwoju uszkodzeń zmęczeniowych w stalach eksploatowanych w energetyce, II Kongres Mechaniki Polskiej, 2011-08-29/09-02, Poznań (PL), pp.1-10, 2011

Abstract:
W pracy dokonano analizy wskaźników rozwoju uszkodzenia zmęczeniowego, opracowanych w oparciu o wyniki testów zmęczeniowych próbek ze stali P91, w stanie dostawy i po 80 000 godzin eksploatacji w warunkach pracy instalacji energetycznej. Wykonano badania zmęczeniowe dla dwóch typów próbek i wyznaczono funkcje zmiany parametrów uszkodzeń w zależności od liczby cykli przy różnych amplitudach naprężenia. Uzyskane wyniki wykorzystano do wyznaczenia klasycznej charakterystyki zmęczeniowej, ale również do wyznaczenia ewolucji uszkodzeń w zależności od liczby cykli. Wyniki wskazały na możliwość jej opisania przy pomocy dwóch makroskopowych wskaźników rozwoju zmęczenia. Pierwszy z nich to średnie odkształcenie w kolejnych cyklach obciążenia przy stałej amplitudzie naprężenia. Drugim, jest odkształcenie niesprężyste w cyklu obrazujące szerokość pętli histerezy w kolejnych fazach obciążenia ostałej amplitudzie naprężenia. Rozwój uszkodzenia wstali P91poddanej obciążeniom zmęczeniowym opisano stosując kombinację wyżej wymienionych wskaźników

Keywords:
badania zmęczeniowe, ewolucja uszkodzeń, wskaźniki uszkodzenia

Affiliations:
Kukla D. - IPPT PAN
Dietrich L. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Grzywna P. - IPPT PAN
31.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T., Makowska K., Augustyniak B., A role of destructive and non-destructive tests in creep damage, FDM 2011, 10th International Conference on Fracture and Damage Mechanics, 2011-09-19/09-21, Dubrovnik (HR), pp.315-318, 2011
32.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T., Makowska K., Augustyniak B., Assessment of material degradation of power steels using destructive and non-destructive testing methods, 9th International Congress on Thermal Stresses, 2011-06-05/06-09, Budapest (HU), Vol.1, pp.1-4, 2011
33.  Moćko W., Kowalewski Z.L., Application of miniaturized direct impact compression method in characterization of mechanical behavior of materials, Annual International Workshop on Dynamic Behaviour of Structures and Materials, 2011-06-13/06-15, Metz (FR), Vol.1, pp.1-6, 2011

Abstract:
The paper presents the results of tests on polycrystalline tantalum at very high strain rates (7.5x104 s-1). The measurements were carried out using miniaturized Direct Impact Compression Test (DICT) method. The transmitting bar diameter was 3mm, and the tested specimens were cylindrical shape of 1.5 mm diameter and 0.55 mm thickness. A numerical model of the testing stand was developed in the ABAQUS environment to trace the phenomena occurring during specimen deformation and to evaluate their influence on the final result. The test stand dimensions and the test parameters used in the calculations were this same as for DICT experiments. The results of computer simulations demonstrated good agreement with experimental results, which proves that the Finite Element Method (FEM) reproduces well the behavior of the stand and can be applied in analyses performed to find the reasons of errors in plastic stress flow measurements.

Keywords:
Direct Impact Compression Tests, Tantalum, high strain rates, compression tests, Hopkinson bar

Affiliations:
Moćko W. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
34.  Kowalewski Z.L., Zmęczenie materiałów – podstawy, kierunki badań, ocena stanu uszkodzenia, XVII Seminarium Nieniszczące Badania Materiałów, 2011-03-08/03-11, Zakopane (PL), pp.1-21, 2011
35.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szelążek J., Mackiewicz S., Szymczak T., Augustyniak B., An influence of long-term exploitation on material behaviour under constant and monotonically increasing loading, 3rd International Conference on Nonlinear Dynamic, 2010-09-21/09-24, Kharkov (UA), pp.481-486, 2010

Abstract:
The paper is devoted to an analysis of creep damage at elevated temperatures and structural degradation due to plastic deformation at room temperature of selected steels commonly applied in power plants (40HNMA, 13HMF). The materials were tested in the as-received state, however, in the case of the 13HMF steel also after different periods of exploitation (76000h and 144000h at elevated temperature (813K) under internal pressure (14 bars)). Destructive and non-destructive testing methods were applied to assess material degradation. As destructive methods the standard tension tests were carried out after every kind of prestraining. Subsequently, an evolution of the selected tension parameters were taken into account for damage identification. In order to assess a damage development during the creep and plastic deformation the tests for both steels were interrupted for a range of the selected strain magnitudes. The ultrasonic and magnetic techniques were used as the non-destructive methods for damage evaluation. The last step of the experimental programme contained microscopic observations. A good correlation of mechanical and selected non-destructive parameters identifying damage was achieved for the tested steels. It gives very promising tool for degradation assessments appearing in pipelines at power stations.

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Szelążek J. - IPPT PAN
Mackiewicz S. - IPPT PAN
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Augustyniak B. - Gdańsk University of Technology (PL)

Conference abstracts
1.  Kopeć M., Kukla D., Wyszkowski M., Kowalewski Z.L., High-temperature fatigue testing of turbine blades, FAS, 17th CONFERENCE FATIGUE OF AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES, 2024-01-11/01-12, Warszawa (PL), pp.1-1, 2024
2.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., ANISOTROPIC FEATURES OF WELDING JOINTS MADE OF HIGHSTRENGTH STEEL, DAS 2023, 39th Danubia-Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics, 2023-09-26/09-29, Siofok (HU), pp.1-2, 2023
3.  Kowalewski Z.L., Dubey V.P., Kopeć M., Yield surface determination of CP-Ti and its evolution reflecting prior deformation under complex loading, International Conference on Lightweight Materials and Manufacture, 2023-10-23/10-26, Shenzhen (CN), pp.1-1, 2023
4.  Kowalewski Z.L., Kopeć M., Brodecki A., SUITABILITY OF MODERN OPTICAL METHODS AND STANDARD NONDESTRUCTIVE TECHNIQUES IN MONITORING OF DAMAGE DUE TO STATIC OR CYCLIC LOADINGS, ICPDF 2023, INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PLASTICITY, DAMAGE & FRACTURE, 2023-01-03/01-09, Punta Cana (DO), pp.1-1, 2023
5.  Kowalewski Z.L., Kopeć M., Brodecki A., Monitoring of fatigue damage development in as-received and exploited 10CrMo9-10 power engineering steel supported by Digital Image Correlation, ICM14, 14th International Conference on Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, 2023-07-12/07-14, Santiago (CL), pp.1-2, 2023
6.  Kowalewski Z.L., Kopeć M., Brodecki A., EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS AND MODELLING OF FATIGUE CRACK INITIATION MECHANISMS, ICDM4, The Fourth International Conference on Damage Mechanics, 2023-05-15/05-18, Baton Rouge, Louisiana (US), pp.1-1, 2023

Keywords:
fatigue crack initiation, micro-plasticity, damage evolution, optical ESPI method, micro indentation

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
7.  Dubey V.P., Kopeć M., Kowalewski Z.L., An Experimental Investigation of Initial and Subsequent Yield Surfaces of Ti-Cu Bimetallic Structure Under Complex Loadings, KonDokPAN 2023, 7th Conference of Doctoral Students of the PAS, 2023-10-13/10-15, Wrocław (PL), pp.1-1, 2023
8.  Kopeć M., Szczęsny G., Kowalewski Z.L., Obesity and orthopedic implant treatment: case report and biomechanical analysis, PCBBE, Polish Conference on Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023-09-27/09-29, Łódź (PL), pp.1-1, 2023
9.  Kopeć M., Brodecki A., Kowalewski Z.L., Monitoring of fatigue damage development in as-received and exploited for 280 000 hours 10CrMo9-10 power engineering steel supported by Digital Image Correlation, 17th International Conference on Advances in Experimental Mechanics, 2023-08-30/09-01, Glasgow (GB), pp.1-2, 2023

Abstract:
This research aimed to compare the effect of long-time degradation of two different states of 10CrMo9-10 (10H2M) power engineering steel by using different experimental and analytical approaches. The specimens machined from the as-received and exploited for 280 000 hours at the temperature of 540°C and the internal pressure of 2.9 MPa pipe were subjected to fatigue loadings and simultaneously monitored by using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique. The effect of long-time degradation on the mechanical response of 10H2M steel was studied through fractographic observations and was finally described as a function of the fatigue damage measure, φ, and the fatigue damage parameter D.

Keywords:
fatigue development, damage, 10H2M steel, digital image correlation (DIC)

Affiliations:
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
10.  Libura T., Rusinek A., Boumbimba R.M., Kowalewski Z.L., Brodecki A., Gerard P., EFFECT OF FATIGUE AGING ON THE HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT RESISTANCE OF GLASS WOVEN REINFORCED ELIUM ACRYLIC LAMINATES, ICDM4, The Fourth International Conference on Damage Mechanics, 2023-05-15/05-18, Baton Rouge, Louisiana (US), pp.1-1, 2023

Keywords:
composite, laminate, fatigue damage, impact damage, perforation, delamination

Affiliations:
Libura T. - IPPT PAN
Rusinek A. - IPPT PAN
Boumbimba R.M. - Université de Lorraine (FR)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Gerard P. - ARKEMA, Groupement de Recherche de Lacq (FR)
11.  Kopeć M., Brodecki A., Kowalewski Z.L., Digital image correlation in monitoring of fatigue damage development in P91 power engineering steel, ICEM20, 20th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics, 2023-07-02/07-07, Porto (PT), No.19862, pp.385-386, 2023

Abstract:
The paper aims to investigate the effectiveness of the Digital Image Correlation (DIC)
technique during fatigue damage development monitoring in X10CrMoVNb9-1 (P91) power engineering steel. It was found, that DIC enables to monitor of the fatigue behaviour of steel specimens and accurately indicates the area of potential failure even within the initial stage of the fatigue damage development

Keywords:
fatigue development, damage, P91 steel, digital image correlation

Affiliations:
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
12.  Kopeć M., Brodecki A., Kowalewski Z.L., MONITORING OF FATIGUE DAMAGE DEVELOPMENT IN AS-RECEIVED AND EXPLOITED 10CRMO9-10 POWER ENGINEERING STEEL SUPPORTED BY DIGITAL IMAGE CORRELATION, ICDM4, The Fourth International Conference on Damage Mechanics, 2023-05-15/05-18, Baton Rouge, Louisiana (US), pp.1-1, 2023

Keywords:
fatigue development, damage, 10H2M steel, digital image correlation (DIC)

Affiliations:
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
13.  Pokorska I., Poński M., Kubissa W., Libura T., Brodecki A., Kowalewski Z., ANALYSIS OF CRACKING EVOLUTION AND FRACTURE ENERGY CHANGE OF STEEL FIBER-REINFORCED CONCRETE, CMM-SolMech 2022, 24th International Conference on Computer Methods in Mechanics; 42nd Solid Mechanics Conference, 2022-09-05/09-08, Świnoujście (PL), No.237, pp.1-1, 2022
14.  Libura T., Rusinek A., Matadi Boumbimba R., Kowalewski Z.L., Gerard P., INFLUENCE OF FATIGUE AGING AND FIBER ORIENTATION ON THE HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT RESISTANCE OF GLASS WOVEN REINFORCED ELIUM ACRYLIC LAMINATES, ICEM, 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics, 2022-07-17/07-21, Kraków (PL), pp.185-186, 2022
15.  Pokorska I., Poński M., Kubissa W., Libura T., Brodecki A., Kowalewski Z.L., PROBABILISTIC STUDY ON CRACKING EVOLUTION AND FRACTURE ENERGY CHANGE OF STEEL FIBER-REINFORCED CONCRETE, ICEM, 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics, 2022-07-17/07-21, Kraków (PL), pp.363-364, 2022
16.  Szymczak T., Prochenka P., Makowska K., Kowalewski Z.L., FATIGUE OF THE HIGH STRENGTH STEEL AND ITS WELD, ICEM, 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics, 2022-07-17/07-21, Kraków (PL), pp.315-316, 2022
17.  Wood P., Gunputh U., Williams G., Carter W., Boud F., Bahi S., Rusinek A., Kowalewski Z.L., Nowak Z., Libura T., Vojiadjis G.Z., Diaz-Alvare J., Miguelez M.H., SELECTIVE LASER MELTING OF A HIGH PRECISION TURBOMACHINERY APPLICATION IN IN718 ALLOY, ICEM, 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics, 2022-07-17/07-21, Kraków (PL), pp.34-35, 2022
18.  Ustrzycka A., Mróz Z., Kowalewski Z.L., Kucharski S., ANALYSIS OF FATIGUE CRACK INITIATION IN CYCLIC MICROPLASTICITY REGIME, ICEM, 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics, 2022-07-17/07-21, Kraków (PL), No.TS1, pp.106-107, 2022
19.  Kowalewski Z.L., Kopeć M., Garbacz G., Brodecki A., Application of metric entropy and DIC for determination of selected parameters of materials subjected to uniaxial tension, 10th Wdzydzeanum Workshop on Fluid – Solid Interaction, 2022-09-04/09-09, Wdzydze Kiszewskie (PL), pp.4-4, 2022
20.  Kowalewski Z.L., FATIGUE DAMAGE ASSESSMENTS SUPPORTED BY NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING TECHNIQUES, XXIX Symposium on Experimental Mechanics in memory of prof. Jacek Stupnicki, 2022-10-19/10-22, Warszawa (PL), pp.4-4, 2022
21.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Sobolewski T., Brodecki A., Górecki J., STAND TESTS FOR SELECTED COMPONENTS OF SPECIAL VEHICLES UNDER STATIC AND CYCLIC LOADING, XXIX Symposium on Experimental Mechanics in memory of prof. Jacek Stupnicki, 2022-10-19/10-22, Warszawa (PL), pp.49-49, 2022
22.  Kowalewski Z.L., Kopeć M., Brodecki A., LIGHTS AND SHADOWS IN APPLICATIONS OF DIC AND ESPI FOR DAMAGE EVALUATION OF MATERIALS, 38DAS, 38. Danubia-Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics, 2022-09-20/09-23, Poros Island (GR), pp.1-2, 2022
23.  Kopeć M., Wang L., Kowalewski Z.L., Formowalność stopu Ti6Al4V w trakcie innowacyjnej metody formowania na gorąco - modelowanie i eksperyment, Tytan i jego stopy 2020, 2022-09-18/09-21, Kielce (PL), pp.1-1, 2022

Keywords:
Ti6Al4V, tłoczenie na gorąco (hot stamping), formowalność tytanu

Affiliations:
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Wang L. - Imperial College London (GB)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
24.  Barwińska I., Kopeć M., Łazińska M., Brodecki A., Durejko T., Kowalewski Z.L., System LENS w regeneracji materiałów inżynierskich wykorzystywanych w lotnictwie, Tytan i jego stopy 2020, 2022-09-18/09-21, Kielce (PL), pp.1-1, 2022

Keywords:
LENS, wytwarzanie przyrostowe, stopy niklu, stopy tytanu, regeneracja

Affiliations:
Barwińska I. - IPPT PAN
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Łazińska M. - Military University of Technology (PL)
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Durejko T. - Military University of Technology (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
25.  Dubey V., Kopeć M., Kowalewski Z.L., YIELD SURFACE IDENTIFICATION OF TITANIUM ALLOY AND ITS EVOLUTION REFLECTING COMPLEX PRE-DEFORMATION, CMM-SolMech 2022, 24th International Conference on Computer Methods in Mechanics; 42nd Solid Mechanics Conference, 2022-09-05/09-08, Świnoujście (PL), pp.1-1, 2022
26.  Kopeć M., Wang L., Wang K., Liu X., Kowalewski Z.L., Recent development in sheet metal forming of titanium alloys, 16th International Conference on Advances in Experimental Mechanics, 2022-09-06/09-08, Oxford (GB), pp.1-2, 2022
27.  Brodecki A., Kopeć M., Kowalewski Z.L., Suitability of digital image correlation for fatigue damage development monitoring in X10CRMOVNB9-1 power engineering steel, ICEM, 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics, 2022-07-17/07-21, Kraków (PL), No.posters, pp.353-354, 2022

Keywords:
fatigue development, damage, P91 steel, digital image correlation (DIC)

Affiliations:
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
28.  Barwińska I., Kopeć M., Łazińska M., Brodecki A., Durejko T., Kowalewski Z.L., Suitability of laser engineered net shaping technology for inconel 625 based parts repair process, ICEM, 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics, 2022-07-17/07-21, Kraków (PL), No.1, pp.176-177, 2022
29.  Dubey V.P., Kopeć M., Kowalewski Z.L., Yield surface identification of Ti-Cu bimetal and its evolution reflecting deformation history under complex loadings, ICEM, 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics, 2022-07-17/07-21, Kraków (PL), No.TS1, pp.136-137, 2022
30.  Kukla D., Kopeć M., Kowalewski Z.L., Assessment of hardness evolution of heat treated AMS6414 steel by using non-destructive methods, ICEM, 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics, 2022-07-17/07-21, Kraków (PL), No.TS1, pp.101, 2022

Keywords:
carburizing, induction-hardened layer, Barkhausen noise, eddy currents, micro-hardness profiles

Affiliations:
Kukla D. - IPPT PAN
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
31.  Kopeć M., Wang K., Kowalewski Z.L., Wang L., Development of novel hot stamping technology process of titanium alloy, ICEM, 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics, 2022-07-17/07-21, Kraków (PL), No.S1, pp.54-55, 2022

Keywords:
titanium alloys, hot stamping, formability, post-form strength

Affiliations:
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Wang K. - Imperial College London (GB)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Wang L. - Imperial College London (GB)
32.  Kopeć M., Wang L., Wang K., Liu X., Kowalewski Z.L., Hot stamping of titanium alloys, ESMC 2022, 11th European Solid Mechanics Conference, 2022-07-04/07-08, Galway (IE), pp.1, 2022

Keywords:
hot stamping, titanium alloys, FAST

Affiliations:
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Wang L. - Imperial College London (GB)
Wang K. - Imperial College London (GB)
Liu X. - Imperial College London (GB)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
33.  Barwińska I., Kopeć M., Łazińska M., Brodecki A., Durejko T., Kowalewski Z.L., Suitability of Laser Engineered Net Shaping Technology for Inconel 625 Based Parts Repair Process, ESMC 2022, 11th European Solid Mechanics Conference, 2022-07-04/07-08, Galway (IE), pp.1, 2022

Keywords:
inconel alloys, repair process, additive manufacturing

Affiliations:
Barwińska I. - IPPT PAN
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Łazińska M. - Military University of Technology (PL)
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Durejko T. - Military University of Technology (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
34.  Dubey V.P., Kopeć M., Kowalewski Z.L., The Effect of Predeformation History Under Complex Loading on the Yield Surface Evolution of Titanium Alloy: An Experimental Investigation, IUTAM Symposium, IUTAM Symposium on Enhancing Material Performance by Exploiting Instabilities and Damage Evolution, 2022-06-05/06-10, Warszawa (PL), DOI: 10.24423/iutam2022warsaw, pp.1, 2022
35.  Dubey V.P., Kopeć M., Kowalewski Z.L., Yield Surface Identification of Technically Pure Titanium Alloy and Its Evolution Reflecting Deformation History Under Complex Loadings, ICMPMA, International Conference on Materials: Properties, Measurements, and Application, 2022-05-09/05-13, Kollam (IN), pp.1, 2022

Keywords:
yield surface, pre-deformation, plastic anisotropy, cycle loading

Affiliations:
Dubey V.P. - IPPT PAN
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
36.  Barwińska I., Kopeć M., Łazińska M., Brodecki A., Durejko T., Kowalewski Z.L., Zastosowanie systemu LENS w celu regeneracji elementów wykonanych ze stopu Inconel 625, Inżynieria – Spojrzenie Młodych Naukowców, 2022-04-22/04-24, Katowice - on-line (PL), pp.1-1, 2022
37.  Barwińska I., Kopeć M., Łazińska M., Brodecki A., Durejko T., Kowalewski Z.L., Suitability of laser engineered net shaping technology for inconel 625 based parts repair process, EYEC'2022, 10th European Young Engineers Conference, 2022-04-04/04-06, Warszawa (PL), pp.1, 2022

Keywords:
inconel alloys, repair process, additive manufacturing

Affiliations:
Barwińska I. - IPPT PAN
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Łazińska M. - Military University of Technology (PL)
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Durejko T. - Military University of Technology (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
38.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Contemporary challenges of mechanics of materials and structural components, MSAM 2021, The 4th International Conference on Material Strength and Applied Mechanics, 2021-08-16/08-19, Qingdao, Shandong - virtual (CN), No.MS1673, pp.45-46, 2021
39.  Libura T., Kowalewski Z.L., Matadi Boumbimba R., Rusinek A., An influence of fatigue and fabric orientation on dynamic properties of the Elium acrylic resin reinforced by glass fibers, 9th Wdzydzenaum Workshop on FLUID – SOLID INTERACTION, 2021-09-05/09-10, Wdzydze Kiszewskie (PL), pp.41, 2021
40.  Kopeć M., Brodecki A., Kowalewski Z.L., Optical measurement techniques for fatigue damage development monitoring, VIRTUAL 20th International Colloquium on Mechanical Fatigue of Metals, 2021-09-15/09-17, Wrocław (PL), pp.1-1, 2021

Abstract:
In this work, an effectiveness of two optical measurement techniques (Digital Image Correlation – DIC and Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry - ESPI) during fatigue damage development monitoring in X10CrMoVNb9-1 (P91) power engineering steel for pipes was compared. The specimens were subjected to fatigue loadings and monitored using DIC and ESPI techniques. DIC allows to monitor the fatigue be-haviour of steel specimens and accurately indicates the area of potential failure, even within an initial stage of the fatigue damage development. The application of ESPI method during fatigue monitoring was not so successful due to a high frequency vibrations generated by the testing machine. As a consequence, a work of the very sensitive ESPI cameras was disturbed significantly.

Keywords:
fatigue, damage, P91 steel, digital image correlation

Affiliations:
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
41.  Barwińska I., Durejko T., Kopeć M., Kowalewski Z.L., Dobór parametrów procesu regeneracji techniką lens dla stopu Inconel 625, SIM, XLVIII Szkoła Inżynierii Materiałowej, 2021-09-23/09-24, Kraków (PL), pp.1-1, 2021
42.  Barwińska I., Durejko T., Kopeć M., Kowalewski Z.L., Wykorzystanie systemu LENS do oceny możliwości regeneracji części maszyn i urządzeń wykonanych ze stopu Inconel 625, XXX Sympozjon Podstaw Konstrukcji Maszyn, 2021-09-13/09-14, Opole (PL), pp.1-1, 2021
43.  Kukla D., Kopeć M., Kowalewski Z.L., Effect of high temperature exposure on the fatigue damage development of X10CrMoVNb9-1 steel for power plant pipes, BSSM, 15th International Conference on Advances in Experimental Mechanics, 2021-09-07/09-09, Swansea (GB), pp.1-2, 2021

Abstract:
The aim of this research was to compare the effect of 80 000 h exploitation time in high temperature on mechanical properties and microstructure of X10CrMoVNb9-1 (P91) power engineering steel for pipes. The specimens obtained from two pipes: new, as-received and after exploitation were subjected to fatigue loadings to compare their mechanical responses. Additionally, the uniaxial tensile tests on both types of P91 steel were performed. The microstructure evolution before and after deformation was monitored using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The time intensive, high temperature exposure of P91 power engineering steel led to significant phase transformation and subsequent deterioration of mechanical properties and was further described as a function of the fatigue damage measure, φ, and the fatigue damage parameter D. Further proposed methodology of power exponent approximation of the fatigue damage measure, φ, and fatigue damage parameter D, allowed to successfully determine the fatigue life of P91 steel.

Affiliations:
Kukla D. - IPPT PAN
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
44.  Kopeć M., Brodecki A., Kowalewski Z.L., Digital image correlation as an effective tool for fatigue damage monitoring, BSSM, 15th International Conference on Advances in Experimental Mechanics, 2021-09-07/09-09, Swansea (GB), pp.1-1, 2021

Abstract:
The paper aims to investigate an effectiveness of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique during fatigue damage development monitoring in X10CrMoVNb9-1 (P91) power engineering steel. It was found, that DIC enables to monitor the fatigue behaviour of steel specimens and accurately indicate the area of potential failure even within initial stage of the fatigue damage development.

Keywords:
fatigue development, damage, P91 steel, digital image correlation

Affiliations:
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
45.  Kopeć M., Yuan X., Wang K., Wang L., Kowalewski Z.L., Microstructure and damage evolution of Ti6Al4V under fast forming conditions, BSSM, 15th International Conference on Advances in Experimental Mechanics, 2021-09-07/09-09, Swansea (GB), pp.1-2, 2021

Abstract:
The paper aims to investigate the nature of fracture behaviour through the microstructural and damage evolution analysis of a titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) with tailored initial microstructures under FAST conditions. High-temperature uniaxial tensile tests with varying heating rates (4°C/s and 100°C/s) and temperatures (900 - 950°C) were conducted to study the effects of heating parameters on the formability and damage of the material. The microstructure and fracture morphology after high-temperature uniaxial tensile tests were characterised to reveal the evolution mechanisms of elongation and damage. It was found, that fast heating could restrain the phase transformation of α to β during the heating and therefore improve the formability of the Ti6Al4V titanium alloy under hot stamping condition.

Keywords:
Ti6Al4V, hot stamping, fracture behaviour, damage evolution

Affiliations:
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Yuan X. - Imperial College London (GB)
Wang K. - Imperial College London (GB)
Wang L. - Imperial College London (GB)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
46.  Barwińska I., Durejko T., Kopeć M., Kowalewski Z.L., Effectiveness of LENS technology for Inconel 625 based parts repair process, Ogólnopolska Konferencja Naukowa: Druga, letnia szkoła naukowa on-line, 2021-08-07/08-07, on-line (PL), pp.1-1, 2021

Keywords:
LENS, additive manufacturing, Inconel 625, repair process

Affiliations:
Barwińska I. - IPPT PAN
Durejko T. - Military University of Technology (PL)
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
47.  Kopeć M., Dubey V.P., Brodecki A., Kowalewski Z.L., Failure analysis of orthopedic implants, IMPLANTY'2021, III Ogólnopolska Konferencja Naukowa IMPLANTY2021 Koncepcja a realia we współczesnych rozwiązaniach, 2021-06-18/06-18, Gdańsk (PL), pp.1, 2021

Keywords:
medical fixation devices, orthopedicimplants, SEM, fracture analysis, titanium alloy, stainless steel

Affiliations:
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Dubey V.P. - IPPT PAN
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
48.  Kopeć M., Wang K., Yuan X., Wang L., Kowalewski Z.L., A novel fast light alloys stamping technology (FAST) for complex titanium alloy components, 5th National Scientific Conference Science and Young Researchers, 2021-06-05/06-05, Łódź (PL), pp.1, 2021
49.  Dubey V.P., Kopeć M., Mallick A., Kowalewski Z.L., An effect of enhanced solid solubility on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Cr solid solution by powder metallurgy process, Międzynarodowa Studencka Sesja Naukowa Materiały i Technologie XXI wieku, 2021-05-28/05-28, Gliwice (PL), pp.1, 2021
50.  Kopeć M., Brodecki A., Kowalewski Z.L., Fraktograficzna analiza pęknięć implantów ortopedycznych, Międzynarodowa Studencka Sesja Naukowa Materiały i Technologie XXI wieku, 2021-05-28/05-28, Gliwice (PL), pp.1, 2021
51.  Barwińska I., Durejko T., Kopeć M., Kowalewski Z.L., Ocena możliwości regeneracji części maszyn i urządzeń z wykorzystaniem systemów LENS, Międzynarodowa Studencka Sesja Naukowa Materiały i Technologie XXI wieku, 2021-05-28/05-28, Gliwice (PL), pp.1, 2021
52.  Dubey V.P., Kopeć M., Kowalewski Z.L., Insight of magnesium matrix nanocomposites for biomedical applications - a synthetic review, XXII Polish Conference on Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021-05-19/05-21, Warszawa (PL), pp.1, 2021
53.  Kopeć M., Brodecki A., Kowalewski Z.L., Microstructural analysis of fractured orthopedic implants, XXII Polish Conference on Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021-05-19/05-21, Warszawa (PL), pp.1, 2021
54.  Kopeć M., Wang K., Yuan X., Wang L., Kowalewski Z.L., Fast light alloys stamping technology (FAST) for two-phase titanium alloys, PGEM, The Sixth Postgraduate Experimental Mechanics Conference, 2020-12-03/12-04, Manchester (GB), pp.1, 2020
55.  Libura T., Kowalewski Z.L., Matadi Boumbimba R., Rusinek A., Gerard P., Behaviour of glass woven reinforced thermoplastic laminates under uniaxial cyclic loading, DynaMAT, The 13th WORKSHOP on DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES, 2019-04-17/04-19, Nicosia (CY), pp.1-2, 2019
56.  Kowalewski Z.L., Libura T., Experimental characterization of magnesium alloy thin sheets using anti-buckling fixture, LMM 2019, International Conference on Lightweight Materials and Manufacture, 2019-10-09/10-12, Changsha (CN), pp.1-1, 2019
57.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T., Analysis of material effects during perforation – experiments and attempts in numerical modelling, 16th German-Polish Workshop, Dynamiczne Problemy w Mechanicznych Systemach, 2019-09-01/09-05, Seebergen (DE), pp.1-1, 2019
58.  Kowalewski Z.L., Ustrzycka A., Szymczak T., Makowska K., Damage identification supported by nondestructive testing techniques, ICPDF, INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PLASTICITY, 2019-01-03/01-09, Panama (PA), pp.1-1, 2019
59.  Kowalewski Z.L., Nowak Z., Pęcherski R.B., Libura T., Identification of effects associated to dynamic testing using shpb or dict- experiment and numerical analysis, DynaMAT, The 13th WORKSHOP on DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES, 2019-04-17/04-19, Nicosia (CY), pp.1-2, 2019
60.  Ustrzycka A., Mróz Z., Kucharski S., Kowalewski Z.L., Analysis of fatigue crack initiation caused by cyclic microplasticity, PCM-CMM, 4th Polish Congress of Mechanics, 23rd International Conference on Computer Methods in Mechanics, 2019-09-08/09-12, Kraków (PL), pp.1-1, 2019

Keywords:
Fatigue Crack Initiation, Damage Evolution, Optical Methods, Indentation Method

Affiliations:
Ustrzycka A. - IPPT PAN
Mróz Z. - IPPT PAN
Kucharski S. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
61.  Kukla D., Kowalewski Z.L., Assessment of failure development in 7075 aluminum alloy on the basis of damage parameters change during the high-cycling fatigue, PCM-CMM, 4th Polish Congress of Mechanics, 23rd International Conference on Computer Methods in Mechanics, 2019-09-08/09-12, Kraków (PL), pp.1-1, 2019

Keywords:
Fatigue, Damage Evolution, Aluminum Alloy

Affiliations:
Kukla D. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
62.  Szymczak T., Brodecki A., Kowalewski Z.L., Mini-próbki w badaniach mechanicznych materiałów, XIII NKRM 2019, XIII Konferencja Nowe Kierunki Rozwoju Mechaniki, 2019-03-20/03-23, Będlewo (PL), pp.1-2, 2019

Keywords:
mini-próbka, parametry mechaniczne, rozciąganie, skręcanie, pękanie

Affiliations:
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
63.  Libura T., Brodecki A., Kowalewski Z.L., Behaviour of glass woven reinforced thermoplastic laminates under uniaxial cyclic loading, PCM-CMM, 4th Polish Congress of Mechanics, 23rd International Conference on Computer Methods in Mechanics, 2019-09-08/09-12, Kraków (PL), pp.1-1, 2019

Keywords:
cyclic loading, damage evolution, laminate composites

Affiliations:
Libura T. - IPPT PAN
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
64.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szczęsny G., Libura T., Brodecki A., Destabilization of the comminuted clavicle shaft fracture due to breakage of the titanium locking plate - mechanical analysis, DAS 2019, 36th DANUBIA-ADRIA Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics, 2019-09-24/09-27, Pilzno (CZ), pp.1-2, 2019
65.  Pieczyska E.A., Kowalewski Z.L., Dunic V., Slavkovic R., Matsui R., Investigation of mechanical and thermomechanical effects in shape memory alloy during transformationinduced creep phenomena, DAS 2019, 36th DANUBIA-ADRIA Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics, 2019-09-24/09-27, Pilzno (CZ), pp.91-92, 2019
66.  Szymczak T., Brodecki A., Kowalewski Z.L., Non-standard specimens for fracture toughness testing of welds, ISMMS, 10th International Symposium on Mechanics of Materials and Structures, 2019-06-02/06-06, Augustów (PL), pp.119-120, 2019

Keywords:
mini-specimen CT, fracture toughness, CTOD, fatigue pre-cracking, notch, fracture, parent material, weld, HAZ

Affiliations:
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
67.  Szymczak T., Brodecki A., Rudnik D., Kowalewski Z.L., Digital image correlation technique for analysis of structural components of different stiffness under static loading, ISMMS, 10th International Symposium on Mechanics of Materials and Structures, 2019-06-02/06-06, Augustów (PL), pp.121-122, 2019

Keywords:
structural components, static loading, markers, displacement, deflection, DIC

Affiliations:
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Brodecki A. - IPPT PAN
Rudnik D. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
68.  Makowska K., Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of ferromagnetic structural materials using barkhausen noise, ISMMS, 10th International Symposium on Mechanics of Materials and Structures, 2019-06-02/06-06, Augustów (PL), pp.74-75, 2019

Keywords:
Barkhausen noise, microstructure, hardness, ultimate tensile strength, structural steels

Affiliations:
Makowska K. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
69.  Taras W., Pyrzanowski P., Gadomski J., Kowalewski Z.L., Libura T., An influence of fiber orientation and load direction on behaviour of thin composite samples, SME, XXVIII Symposium On Experimental Mechanics of Solids in memory of prof. Jacek Stupnicki, 2018-10-17/10-20, Jachranka (PL), pp.1, 2018
70.  Libura T., Nowak Z., Kowalewski Z.L., Widłaszewski J., Behaviour of inconel 718 aerospace alloy thin sheets under in-plane tension-compression, SME, XXVIII Symposium On Experimental Mechanics of Solids in memory of prof. Jacek Stupnicki, 2018-10-17/10-20, Jachranka (PL), pp.42-42, 2018
71.  Szymczak T., Brodecki A., Kowalewski Z.L., Fatigue of structural components for special vehicles, SME, XXVIII Symposium On Experimental Mechanics of Solids in memory of prof. Jacek Stupnicki, 2018-10-17/10-20, Jachranka (PL), pp.12-12, 2018
72.  Kowalewski Z.L., Non-standard experimental techniques for mechanical characterization of materials, SME, XXVIII Symposium On Experimental Mechanics of Solids in memory of prof. Jacek Stupnicki, 2018-10-17/10-20, Jachranka (PL), pp.7-7, 2018
73.  Brodecki A., Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Lasota P., Fatigue durability of steering rod tip, SME, XXVIII Symposium On Experimental Mechanics of Solids in memory of prof. Jacek Stupnicki, 2018-10-17/10-20, Jachranka (PL), pp.20-20, 2018
74.  Pieczyska E.A., Golasiński K.M., Maj M., Staszczak M., Kowalewski Z.L., Furuta T., Kuramoto S., Yielding and strain localization effects in gum metal - a unique ti alloy -investigated by digital image correlation and infrared thermography, 35 DANUBIA-ADRIA, 35th Danubia-Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics, 2018-09-25/09-28, Sinaia (RO), pp.57-58, 2018
75.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Brodecki A., Mini-compact tension specimens for fracture toughness evaluation, SolMech 2018, 41st SOLID MECHANICS CONFERENCE, 2018-08-27/08-31, Warszawa (PL), pp.274-275, 2018
76.  Makowska K., Kowalewski Z.L., Dudda W., Ziółkowski P., Badur J., Damage assessment of exploited turbine blades using barkhausen noise parameters, SolMech 2018, 41st SOLID MECHANICS CONFERENCE, 2018-08-27/08-31, Warszawa (PL), pp.270-271, 2018
77.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Visco-plastic effects due to deformation along circular loading path, SolMech 2018, 41st SOLID MECHANICS CONFERENCE, 2018-08-27/08-31, Warszawa (PL), pp.42-43, 2018
78.  Szymczak T., Brodecki A., Makowska K., Kowalewski Z.L., Tow truck frame made of high strength steel under cyclic loading, 35 DANUBIA-ADRIA, 35th Danubia-Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics, 2018-09-25/09-28, Sinaia (RO), pp.145-146, 2018
79.  Kowalewski Z.L., Advances in fatigue investigations of materials – state of the art and new challenges, 12th INTERNATIONAL ARMAMENT CONFERENCE, 2018-09-17/09-20, Jachranka (PL), pp.161-162, 2018
80.  Ustrzycka A., Mróz Z., Kucharski S., Kowalewski Z.L., Analysis of fatigue crack initiation caused by cyclic microplasticity, SolMech 2018, 41st SOLID MECHANICS CONFERENCE, 2018-08-27/08-31, Warszawa (PL), pp.272-273, 2018
81.  Ustrzycka A., Mróz Z., Kowalewski Z.L., Characterization of Damage Evolution Supported by ESPI Analysis, ICEM 2018, 18TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS, 2018-07-01/07-05, BRUKSELA (BE), No.082, pp.1, 2018
82.  Pieczyska E.A., Dunić V., Slavkovic R., Kowalewski Z.L., Stress relaxation effects in TiNi SMA, SolMech 2018, 41st SOLID MECHANICS CONFERENCE, 2018-08-27/08-31, Warszawa (PL), pp.350-351, 2018
83.  Libura T., Kowalewski Z.L., Kowalczyk-Gajewska K., The Bauschinger Effect in thin sheet magnesium alloy using anti-buckling fixture, DAS 2017, 34th Danubia-Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics, 2017-09-19/09-22, Trieste (IT), pp.1-2, 2017
84.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., On the cruciform specimens for materials testing, DAS 2017, 34th Danubia-Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics, 2017-09-19/09-22, Trieste (IT), pp.1-2, 2017
85.  Brodecki A., Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Digital image corellation technique as a tool for kinematics assessments of structural components, ISMMS, 9th International Symposium on Mechanics of Materials and Structures, 2017-06-04/06-08, Augustów (PL), pp.19-20, 2017

Abstract:
The paper reports results of tests focused on determination of kinematic properties of components under cyclic loading. DIC system called 5M PONTOS was employed to follow variations of displacement and velocity versus time. It was conducted by a use of markers stuck on selected sections of components tested. Results are presented in 2D and 3D coordinate systems expressing behaviour of elements such as: car engine, boat frame and mechanical coupling device. These data enable to capture weak and strong sections of the component tested at various loading conditions.

Keywords:
digital image correlation system, cyclic loading, PONTOS, motion, displacement, 3D coordinate system

Affiliations:
Brodecki A. - other affiliation
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
86.  Ustrzycka A., Kowalewski Z.L., Grzywna P., Characterization of damage evolution supported by ESPI experimental analysis, XII Konferencja „Nowe Kierunki Rozwoju Mechaniki”, 2017-03-22/03-25, Białystok - Supraśl (PL), pp.1-2, 2017

Abstract:
The problem investigated in the present work concerns the damage evolution in elastic-plastic materials subjected to cyclic loading. The modeling of damage mechanisms is supported by Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) apparatus using coherent laser light. Such a study can help better understanding of the damage and failure mechanism of modern structural materials for practical engineering problems.

Keywords:
damage mechanisms, void growth, optical methods

Affiliations:
Ustrzycka A. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Grzywna P. - IPPT PAN
87.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Cruciform specimens for testing of engineering materials, XII Konferencja „Nowe Kierunki Rozwoju Mechaniki”, 2017-03-22/03-25, Białystok - Supraśl (PL), pp.1-2, 2017

Abstract:
The paper presents selected cruciform specimens recommended for static and fatigue tests. Guidelines for cruciform specimens designing and optimization are presented. Numerical data of FEA analysis of Kelly's cruciform specimen in 3D coordinate systems are shown. Various types of cruciform testing machines and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The project of the cruciform specimen for examination of material behaviour under static and cyclic loading types is proposed.

Keywords:
cruciform specimen, biaxial stress state, specimen optimization, static test, fatigue test, FEA, effective stress

Affiliations:
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
88.  Libura T., Kowalewski Z.L., Kowalczyk-Gajewska K., Dietrich L., Strain-hardening effect in thin-sheet magnesium alloy AZ31B under low cyclic loading, XII Konferencja „Nowe Kierunki Rozwoju Mechaniki”, 2017-03-22/03-25, Białystok - Supraśl (PL), pp.1-2, 2017

Abstract:
Optimization of sheet metal forming processes requires a very good knowledge of material forming ability. During the forming of industrial parts, very complex strain paths are usually observed and can affect the formability of the sheet. Therefore, it is necessary to better understand and more accurately investigate deformation behaviour of sheet alloys. It should be noted that material testing of flat specimens under compression within a large deformation range procures many difficulties, and the buckling phenomenon seems to be the most im-portant. This paper shows the results of tension-compression tests carried out on specimens made of ultralight magnesium alloys AZ31B with nominal thickness equal to 1 mm using the anti-buckling fixture to avoid buckling problem.

Keywords:
Bauschinger effect, cyclic loading, buckling, fixture, thin sheet

Affiliations:
Libura T. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Kowalczyk-Gajewska K. - IPPT PAN
Dietrich L. - IPPT PAN
89.  Brodecki A., Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Digital Image Correlation Technique InSelected Mechanical Tests, XII Konferencja „Nowe Kierunki Rozwoju Mechaniki”, 2017-03-22/03-25, Białystok - Supraśl (PL), pp.1-2, 2017

Abstract:
The paper shows how modern contactless Digital Image Correlation (DIC) method can be implemented for examination of material behaviour under various types of loading. DIC method was used to evaluate material straining under monotonic tension conducted by the use of flat specimens having artificial defects in the form of U and V notches. This technique was also examined during capturing of strain distribution in dynamic tests on Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar. On the basis of DIC results the strain maps at various stages of material deformation were elaborated in order to indicate characteristic features of a material behaviour. It enabled an analysis of damage zone evolution up to specimen fracture.

Keywords:
Digital Image Correlation, specimen, monotonic tension, Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar, strain maps

Affiliations:
Brodecki A. - other affiliation
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
90.  Kowalewski Z.L., Nowak Z., Pęcherski R.B., Investigations of Tantalum at Direct Impact Compression Tests on Miniaturized Specimens, PLASTICITY 2017, INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PLASTICITY, DAMAGE, AND FRACTURE 2017, 2017-01-03/01-09, Puerto Vallarta (MX), pp.100-102, 2017

Abstract:
In the paper the results of experimental and numerical investigations concerning an influence of strain rate on mechanical properties of pure tantalum are presented. Experiments were carried out using Direct Impact Compression Test (DICT) technique (Malinowski et al. [2007]). The Perzyna elasto-viscoplasticity theory (Perzyna [1966]) was applied to predict the dynamic compression yield strength of the tested material at strain rates from 1.0 x10-3 s−1 to 0.5 x106 s−1.

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Nowak Z. - IPPT PAN
Pęcherski R.B. - IPPT PAN
91.  Ustrzycka A., Kowalewski Z.L., Modelling of fatigue damage mechanisms supported by full-field optical methods, PLASTICITY 2017, INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PLASTICITY, DAMAGE, AND FRACTURE 2017, 2017-01-03/01-09, Puerto Vallarta (MX), pp.91-93, 2017

Abstract:
The aim of this work consists a development of the Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman model (GNT) of damage evolution in elastic-plastic materials. This model is supported by optical method of stress and strain monitoring (ESPI) for early detection, localization and monitoring of damage in materials under fatigue loading.

Affiliations:
Ustrzycka A. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
92.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Brodecki A., An Influence of Strain Rate and Artificial Defects on Material Behaviour During Tension, 27EMS, Experimental Mechanics of Solids - 27th Symposium, 2016-10-19/10-22, Jachranka (PL), pp.55, 2016
93.  Makowska K., Kowalewski Z.L., Application of Barkhausen Noise for Assessments of Damage in Ferromagnetic Materials with Negative Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy Constant, 27EMS, Experimental Mechanics of Solids - 27th Symposium, 2016-10-19/10-22, Jachranka (PL), pp.40, 2016
94.  Grzywna P., Kukla D., Kowalewski Z.L., Kopeć M., Wyszkowski M., Assessment of fatigue damage development using the espi system, 27EMS, Experimental Mechanics of Solids - 27th Symposium, 2016-10-19/10-22, Jachranka (PL), pp.27, 2016
95.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., A role of cyclic loading frequency in establishing of directive lines for technological processes design, ICEM17, 17th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics, 2016-07-03/07-07, Rhodes, Greece (GR), pp.1-2, 2016
96.  Kowalewski Z.L., Makowska K., On the experimental attempts for creep analysis of materials, ICEM17, 17th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics, 2016-07-03/07-07, Rhodes, Greece (GR), pp.1, 2016
97.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., An influence of cyclic loading on stress component reduction in the transversal direction, ICTAM XXIV, 24th International Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 2016-08-21/08-26, Montréal (CA), pp.2760-2761, 2016
98.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Stress relaxation in steel subjected to tension-torsion deformation, DAS33, 33rd Danubia-Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics, 2016-09-20/09-23, Portorož (SI), No.OP-2, pp.100-101, 2016
99.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T., Damage development in 2024 aluminium alloy due to creep and plastic flow, DAS33, 33rd Danubia-Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics, 2016-09-20/09-23, Portorož (SI), No.OP-2, pp.64-65, 2016
100.  Makowska K., Kowalewski Z.L., Barkhausen noise and magnetoacoustic emission as a potential tools for mechanical properties estimation of ferromagnetic materials, SolMech 2016, 40th Solid Mechanics Conference, 2016-08-29/09-02, Warszawa (PL), No.P240, pp.1-2, 2016
101.  Moćko W., Grzywna P., Kowalewski Z.L., Radziejewska J., Constitutive behaviour of DP500 steel exposed to prior cyclic loadings, SolMech 2016, 40th Solid Mechanics Conference, 2016-08-29/09-02, Warszawa (PL), No.P188, pp.1-2, 2016
102.  Nowak Z., Kowalewski Z.L., Pęcherski R.B., A numerical solution of longitudinal wave propagation in a miniaturized specimens of tantalum at direct impact compression test, DYMAT, 10th Workshop, 2016-08-24/08-26, Poznań (PL), pp.69-71, 2016

Abstract:
The results of experimental and numerical investigations concerning an influence of strain rate on mechanical properties of pure tantalum are presented. Experiments were carried out using Direct Impact Compression Test (DICT) technique. The miniaturization concept of the experimental setup for the dimensions of specimen (diameter dS = 1.5 mm and thickness lS = 0.50 mm), Hopkinson transmitter bar diameter (dH = 3.0 mm) and the striker (diameter dI = 11.5 mm and the length lI =12 mm), together with application of a novel optical arrangement for measurement of striker velocity, enabled compression tests to be executed at strain rates from 1.0 x103 s−1 to 0.5 x106 s−1. The Perzyna elasto-viscoplasticity theory is applied to predict the dynamic compression yield strength of the tested material at different strain rates. In the course of specimens deformation by means of the DICT technique, it was observed that the peak force obtained from the strain gauge mounted on the transmitter Hopkinson bar was lower than the peak force obtained within the framework of the uniaxial stress wave analysis. An explanation of this discrepancy is provided due to the analysis of the localization of deformation in the tested specimens considered as three-dimensional body subjected to high strain rate loading and the resulting stress wave attenuation as it propagates within the specimen.

Keywords:
direct impact test, numerical simulations, tantalum

Affiliations:
Nowak Z. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Pęcherski R.B. - IPPT PAN
103.  Kowalewski Z.L., Grzywna P., Kukla D., New experimental attempts in fatigue damage analysis, DYMAT, 10th Workshop, 2016-08-24/08-26, Poznań (PL), pp.11-13, 2016
104.  Kowalewski Z.L., Dietrich L., Socha G., On the experimental techniques for thin sheets testing at large deformations, 9th German-Greek-Polish Symposium Recent Advances in Mechanics, 2016-09-04/09-09, Kolympari, Chania (GR), pp.41-42, 2016

Abstract:
Problems associated with material testing on flat specimens under large deformation due to compression or cyclic tension-compression are discussed. A short review of the anti-buckling fixtures developed up to now is given with special emphasis on the new fixture elaborated at the Institute of Fundamental Technological Research in Poland.

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Dietrich L. - IPPT PAN
Socha G. - other affiliation
105.  Libura T., Kowalewski Z.L., Kowalczyk-Gajewska K., Dietrich L., Low cycle fatigue of a rolled magnesium alloy using anti-buckling fixture, DYMAT, 10th Workshop, 2016-08-24/08-26, Poznań (PL), pp.59-61, 2016
106.  Kopeć M., Grzywna P., Kukla D., Kowalewski Z.L., Evaluation of the fatigue damage development using ESPI method, AMT 2016, XXI Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science Conference - Advanced Materials and Technologies, 2016-06-05/06-08, Rawa Mazowiecka (PL), pp.E05-1-4, 2016

Abstract:
Fatigue damage process developing in structural materials under long-term cyclic loading is still an unsolved problem of modern engineering. Attempts to assess a degree of materials degradation under fatigue conditions on the basis of changes in the areas of local strain concentration determined by optical methods can be treated as the promising contemporary research direction of majority of scientific centers in the world. In most cases, fatigue damage has a local character and it is based on damage development leading to generation of cracks appearing around structural defects or geometrical notches. An identification of these areas and their subsequent monitoring requires a full-field displacement measurements performed on the objects surfaces. It seems that modern contemporary optical methods for displacement components measuring on the surfaces of structural elements or tested specimens are suitable for such purpose. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) are nowadays the most widely used testing methods in this area. Both of them enable capturing of displacement and strain components distributions. This paper presents an attempt to use the ESPI method for fatigue damage evaluation and its monitoring on specimens ma de of the aluminide coated nickel super-alloys. Flat specimens were subjected to cyclic loading. The fatigue tests were interrupted several times in order to perform a static loading during which the optical measurements were carried out. An analysis of the results captured by the ESPI system allowed indication of places of the greatest stress concentration and demonstration of the damage development process as a function of the increasing number of cycles.

Keywords:
fatigue, damage, super - alloy, Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry

Affiliations:
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Grzywna P. - IPPT PAN
Kukla D. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
107.  Kukla D., Grzywna P., Kopeć M., Kowalewski Z.L., Eddy Current method for thickness assessment of carburized layers, AMT 2016, XXI Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science Conference - Advanced Materials and Technologies, 2016-06-05/06-08, Rawa Mazowiecka (PL), pp.BP7-1-3, 2016

Keywords:
eddy current, hardening, carburizing, layers, non - destructive technique

Affiliations:
Kukla D. - IPPT PAN
Grzywna P. - IPPT PAN
Kopeć M. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
108.  Kowalewski Z.L., Experimental attempts for creep and fatigue damage analysis of materials – state of the art and new challenges, PCM-CMM-2015, 3rd Polish Congress of Mechanics and 21st Computer Methods in Mechanics, 2015-09-08/09-11, Gdańsk (PL), pp.17-22, 2015

Abstract:
Development of creep and fatigue damage was investigated using destructive and non - destructive methods in materials commonly applied in power plants or automotive industry. In order to assess such kind of damage the tests for a range of different materials were interrupted for selected time periods (creep) and number of cycles (fatigue). As destructive methods the standard tension tests were carried out after prestraining. Subsequently, an evolution of the selected tension parameters was taken into account for damage identification. The ultrasonic and magnetic techniques were used as the non - destructive methods for damage evaluation. In the final step of the experimental programme microscopic observations were performed

Keywords:
creep, fatigue, damage, non - destructive method

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
109.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Brodecki A., An influence of notch type on material behaviour under monotonic tension, PCM-CMM 2015, 3rd Polish Congress of Mechanics and 21st Computer Methods in Mechanics, 2015-09-08/09-11, Gdańsk (PL), pp.149-150, 2015

Abstract:
The paper presents results of numerical and experimental investigations conducted in order to determine an influence of notch type on material behaviour under monotonic tension. Two kinds of specimens having U and V notches were applied. Digital image correlation system was used to detect variations of strain/stress state components from beginning of the test up to fracture of the material in question. Assessments of the results enabled identification of stress concentrations in tips of notches. A comparison of tensile characteristics of unnotched and notched specimens exhibited a great reduction of the yield point independently of the geometrical discontinuities applied. In the case of V-notched specimen 50% lowering of elongation was observed.

Keywords:
stress concentration, stress distribution, notches, tensile curve, digital image correlation

Affiliations:
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Brodecki A. - other affiliation
110.  Kukla D., Kowalewski Z.L., Influence of aluminum layer thickness on the fatigue properties of super-nickel alloy, PCM-CMM 2015, 3rd Polish Congress of Mechanics and 21st Computer Methods in Mechanics, 2015-09-08/09-11, Gdańsk (PL), pp.679-680, 2015

Abstract:
The paper presents the results of fatigue tests performed on the super-nickel alloy after Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD). CVD process was carried out for the periods of 4 and 12 hours, and as a consequence, a layer of the aluminum of the thickness 20 μm and 40 μm, respectively, was obtained on the surface of nickel alloy. The specimens with layers were tested on the servo-hydraulic testing machine under dynamic loading at high temperature of 900oC. The profiles of micro hardness on the cross-sections of specimens enabled identification of hardness variations. The main aim of this paper was to evaluate the effect of a film thickness on the fatigue properties of the alloy. Additionally, an identification of crack propagation in the layer subjected to cyclic loading was analysed on the basis of deformation changes in the subsequent cycles.

Keywords:
aluminium layer, super nickel alloy, fatigue testing, CVD technique

Affiliations:
Kukla D. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
111.  Kowalewski Z.L., Socha G., Dietrich L., Libura T., Thin sheet of brass testing under cyclic tension - compression using novel anti-buckling fixture, DAS 2015, 32nd Danubia-Adria-Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics, 2015-09-22/09-25, Smokovec (SK), Vol.1, pp.128-129, 2015
112.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Brodecki A., Determination of Artificial Defects in Material under Monotonic Tension by the use of FEM and DIC Methods, DAS 2015, 32nd Danubia-Adria-Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics, 2015-09-22/09-25, Smokovec (SK), Vol.1, pp.58-59, 2015
113.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Zastosowanie MES i DIC do oceny wpływu karbu na zniszczenie materiału w teście rozciągania, XI Konferencja Nowe Kierunki Rozwoju Mechaniki, 2015-03-18/03-20, Sarbinowo (PL), pp.87-88, 2015

Abstract:
Wpływ karbów jest określany zarówno od strony badań teoretycznych, jak i doświadczalnych. Pierwsze z nich umożliwiają przewidywanie zniszczenia na podstawie analizy zmian wartości współczynnika koncentracji naprężenia (WKN) i pozwalają zilustrować jego zmiany w zależności od geometrii karbu. Z kolei w eksperymentach próbuje się określać, jakie znaczenie na otrzymywane wyniki ma rodzaj próbki. Najczęściej stosowane są w tych badaniach próbki rurkowe lub płaskie. W strefie pomiarowej nacinane są karby o różnym kształcie i wymiarach [1]. Uzyskiwane rezultaty z badań wskazują na 50% obniżenie liczby cykli do zainicjowania pęknięcia wraz ze wzrostem promienia karbu od 0 do 6.35mm [2]. Podobny efekt uzyskano również przy wzroście wartości WKN od 1 do 2.833 [1, 3]. Wyniki tego rodzaju nie ujawniają jednak wystarczająco wpływu nieciągłości geometrycznych w bliskim otoczeniu karbu. Rozwiązanie tego problemu może nastąpić poprzez wykorzystanie nowoczesnej techniki pomiarowej DIC (cyfrowa korelacja obrazu). Dlatego też głównym celem pracy było określenie wpływu karbów na zachowanie materiału w teście rozciągania do zniszczenia przy użyciu wymienionej techniki pomiarowej

Affiliations:
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
114.  Kowalewski Z.L., Dietrich L., Socha G., Anti-buckling system for flat specimens investigation under cyclic tension-compression, Plasticity 2015, 21st International Symposium on Plasticity and its Current Applications, 2015-01-04/01-09, Montego Bay (JM), pp.127-129, 2015

Abstract:
Problems associated with material testing on flat specimens under large deformation are discussed in this paper. An extensive review of the anti - buckling fixtures developed up to now is given first, and then detailed description of the proposed design is presented. Finally, the results of cyclic tests carried out using new fixture are studied

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Dietrich L. - IPPT PAN
Socha G. - other affiliation
115.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T., Maciejewski J., Material effects during monotonic-cyclic loading conditions, Plasticity 2014, 20th International Symposium on Plasticity and its Current Applications, 2014-01-03/01-08, Freeport (BS), pp.100-102, 2014

Abstract:
The effects commonly taking place during proportional and non - proportional (circle and square) types of loading were identified experimentally. Experimental results of tests under cyclic loading assisted by monotonic deformation are compared to their predictions using the Mróz - Maciejewski model

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Maciejewski J. - other affiliation
116.  Szymczak T., Brodecki A., Eminger A., Kowalewski Z.L., Experimental assessment of ball joints operation using servo-hydraulic testing systems, SolMech 2014, 39th Solid Mechanics Conference, 2014-09-01/09-05, Zakopane (PL), pp.327-328, 2014
117.  Szymczak T., Brodecki A., Kowalewski Z.L., An effect of technological notches on stress and strain distribution during monotonic tension, SolMech 2014, 39th Solid Mechanics Conference, 2014-09-01/09-05, Zakopane (PL), pp.325-326, 2014
118.  Libura T., Moćko W., Kowalewski Z.L., A new version of Hopkinson bar testing stand for determination of dynamic tensile characteristics, SolMech 2014, 39th Solid Mechanics Conference, 2014-09-01/09-05, Zakopane (PL), pp.311-312, 2014
119.  Kukla D., Grzywna P., Kowalewski Z.L., Assessment of damage development due to fatigue of 2017, aluminum alloy on the basis of conductivity measurements, SolMech 2014, 39th Solid Mechanics Conference, 2014-09-01/09-05, Zakopane (PL), pp.307-308, 2014
120.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Analysis of tensile force variation due to application of cyclic torsion for a range of frequency levels, SolMech 2014, 39th Solid Mechanics Conference, 2014-09-01/09-05, Zakopane (PL), pp.143-144, 2014
121.  Makowska K., Kowalewski Z.L., Microstructural assessment and magnetic structuroscopy of middle-carbon steel after simulated creep, SolMech 2014, 39th Solid Mechanics Conference, 2014-09-01/09-05, Zakopane (PL), pp.131-132, 2014
122.  Kruszka L., Kowalewski Z.L., Moćko W., Grązka M., Experimental analysis of dynamic plastic behavior of materials by the Hopkinson bar technique, Plasticity 2013, 19th International Symposium on Plasticity and Its Current Applications, 2013-01-03/01-08, Nassau (BS), pp.190-192, 2013

Abstract:
In this paper original experimental methodologies of dynamic plastic behavior of various structural materials in a wide range of strain rates up to 10 5 s - 1, and at selected temperatures are presented. Identification of constitutive models and their verification are also included

Affiliations:
Kruszka L. - Military University of Technology (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Moćko W. - other affiliation
Grązka M. - other affiliation
123.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Wykorzystanie cyklicznego obciążenia skręcającego i doboru jego parametrów jako sposobu do redukowania siły podczas monotonicznego rozciągania, X Konferencja Nowe Kierunki Rozwoju Mechaniki, 2013-03-21/03-23, Jarnołtówek (PL), Vol.101, No.348, pp.83-84, 2013
124.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., An influence of cyclic torsion strain amplitude on monotonic tension of power plant steel, VII International Symposium on Mechanics of Materials and Structures, 2013-06-03/06-06, Augustów (PL), Vol.1, pp.1-2, 2013

Abstract:
The paper reports the experimental data of tests on the 10H2M steel, carried out under complex loading being combination of monotonic tension and cyclic torsion. Two types of torsion cycles were applied, i.e.: symmetrical and asymmetrical, having four blocks of different shear strain amplitude within a range from ±0.1% to ±0.8%,. All tests were conducted using the tubular specimens at room temperature. The main aim of the experimental procedure was focused on examination of axial stress variations due to torsion cycles of step increasing strain amplitude. An analysis of the results showed a significant reduction of the tensile stress. This effect became stronger when the torsion strain amplitude was increased andit achieved 85% stress drop at highest strain amplitude considered in comparison to the standard tensile characteristic.

Keywords:
complex loading, biaxial stress state, stress reduction, tensile stress, shear stress, tubular specimen

Affiliations:
Szymczak T. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
125.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Fracture toughness investigations of metal matrix composites reinforced by ceramic fibres, DAS 30, 30th Danubia-Adria-Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics, 2013-09-25/09-28, Primosten (HR), Vol.1, pp.201-202, 2013
126.  Makowska K., Kowalewski Z.L., Szelążek J., Mackiewicz S., Gutkiewicz P., Assessment of material degradation by means of acoustic birefringence and elastoacoustic coefficient, DAS 30, 30th Danubia-Adria-Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics, 2013-09-25/09-28, Primosten (HR), Vol.1, pp.95-96, 2013
127.  Augustyniak B., Piotrowski L., Chmielewski M., Kowalewski Z.L., Makowska K., Case study on damage detection possibility in P91 and 40HNMA steels using magnetic NDT techniques, DAS 30, 30th Danubia-Adria-Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics, 2013-09-25/09-28, Primosten (HR), Vol.1, pp.87-88, 2013
128.  Kowalewski Z.L., Makowska K., Experimental evaluation of damage in materials under creep and fatigue conditions, 8th German-Greek-Polish Symposium Recent Advances in Mechanics September, 2013-09-09/09-13, Goslar (DE), Vol.1, pp.1-2, 2013

Abstract:
Creep and fatigue damage was investigated in steels commonly applied in power plants (40HNMA, 13HMF and P91) using destructive and non-destructive methods. In order to assess both types of damage the tests for each kind of steel were interrupted for a range of the selected time periods (creep) and number of cycles (fatigue).

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Makowska K. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
129.  Moćko W., Kowalewski Z.L., Compressive behavior of 6082-T6 and 7075-T6 aluminium alloys at very high strain rates, Workshop on Dynamic Behavior of Materials and Stafety Structures, 2012-05-02/05-04, Poznań (PL), pp.x1-x3, 2012
130.  Rutecka A., Kowalewski Z.L., Pietrzak K., Dietrich L., Makowska K., Woźniak J., Kostecki M., Bochniak W., Olszyna A., AlMg/SiC metal matrix composites under fatigue and creep conditions, SolMech 2012, 38th Solid Mechanics Conference, 2012-08-27/08-31, Warszawa (PL), pp.146-147, 2012
131.  Kowalewski Z.L., Interdisciplinary Methods for Damage Assessment of Materials Subjected to Creep and Fatigue, SolMech 2012, 38th Solid Mechanics Conference, 2012-08-27/08-31, Warszawa (PL), pp.16-17, 2012
132.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Tensile stress variation due to stepwise increase of cyclic torsion amplitude, 8th European Solid Mechanics Conference, 2012-07-09/09-13, Graz (AT), No.1, pp.1-2, 2012
133.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Wpływ parametrów cyklicznego obciążenia skręcającego na przebieg rozciągania stali energetycznej, XXV Sympozjum Mechaniki Eksperymentalnej Ciała Stałego, 2012-10-17/10-20, Jachranka (PL), Vol.1, No.1, pp.1-2, 2012
134.  Rutecka A., Kowalewski Z.L., Pietrzak K., Dietrich L., Makowska K., Grzywna P., Woźniak J., Kostecki M., Bochniak W., Olszyna A., Damage analysis of Al(Mg)/SiC composites under fatigue conditions, 15th European Conference on Composite Materials, 2012-06-24/06-29, Wenecja (IT), No.1, pp.1-6, 2012

Abstract:
Fatigue tests and microstructural observations were carried out to perform damage analysis of Al/SiC and AlMg/SiC metal matrix composites ( MMCs ). The materials were manufactured using a KoBo method. Ratcheting was the dominant damage mechanism for Al/SiC and damage parameter on the basis of mean inelastic strain was calculated. For AlMg/SiC, in most cases, cyclic softening followed by hardening during subsequent cycles were noticed. Microstructural observations identified existence of SiC concentrations which influenced the volumetric fraction of defects after fatigue tests

Keywords:
metal matrix composites, fatigue damage, microstructure, KoBo method

Affiliations:
Rutecka A. - IPPT PAN
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Pietrzak K. - other affiliation
Dietrich L. - IPPT PAN
Makowska K. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Grzywna P. - IPPT PAN
Woźniak J. - other affiliation
Kostecki M. - other affiliation
Bochniak W. - other affiliation
Olszyna A. - other affiliation
135.  Kowalewski Z.L., Makowska K., Szelążek J., Augustyniak B., Damage Development in Steels Subjected to Exploitation Processes: Attempt to Correlate the Parameters of Different Testing Techniques, ICTAM XXIII, 23rd International Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 2012-08-19/08-24, Beijing (CN), pp.1-2, 2012

Abstract:
Development of damage due to creep at elevated temperatures and fatigue at room temperature was assessed for power engineering steels using destructive and non-destructive methods. The experimental programme contained also microscopic observations to find feedback between macro- and micro-scopic parameters. Three different power engineering steels were tested, i.e. 40HNMA, 13HMF and P91

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Makowska K. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Szelążek J. - IPPT PAN
Augustyniak B. - Gdańsk University of Technology (PL)
136.  Kowalewski Z.L., Makowska K., Szelążek J., Mackiewicz S., Augustyniak B., Damage assessment during creep and fatigue of power plant steels using destructive and nondestructive techniques, Plasticity 2012, 18th International Symposium on Plasticity and its Current Applications, 2012-01-03/01-08, Puerto Rico (US), pp.265-267, 2012

Abstract:
Development of damage due to creep at elevated temperatures and fatigue at room temperature was assessed for power engineering steels using destructive and nondestructive methods. The experimental programme contained also microscopic observations to find feedback between macro and microscopic parameters

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Makowska K. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Szelążek J. - IPPT PAN
Mackiewicz S. - IPPT PAN
Augustyniak B. - Gdańsk University of Technology (PL)
137.  Makowska K., Kowalewski Z.L., Augustyniak B., Degradacja struktury oraz zmiany właściwości mechanicznych stali oceniane za pomocą parametrów szumu Barkhausena, XXV Sympozjum Mechaniki Eksperymentalnej Ciała Stałego, 2012-10-17/10-20, Jachranka (PL), pp.62, 2012
138.  Kowalewski Z.L., Rutecka A., Pietrzak K., Makowska K., Woźniak J., Kostecki M., Bochniak W., Olszyna A., An influence of SiC content at Al (AlMg) matrix composites on creep characteristics, 15th European Conference on Composite Materials, 2012-06-24/06-29, Wenecja (IT), No.1, pp.1-7, 2012

Abstract:
Creep tests under a range of step-increasing tensile stresses were carried out on the AlMg/SiC composites produced by means of the KOBO method. The content of reinforced phase was equal to 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10%. The AlMg/SiC creep characteristics were compared to those of the Al/SiC composites. Structural assessments of materials in the as-received state and after creep were carried out.

Keywords:
metal-ceramic composites, KOBO method, creep, silicon carbide (SiC)

Affiliations:
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
Rutecka A. - IPPT PAN
Pietrzak K. - other affiliation
Makowska K. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Woźniak J. - other affiliation
Kostecki M. - other affiliation
Bochniak W. - other affiliation
Olszyna A. - other affiliation
139.  Makowska K., Kowalewski Z.L., Structural Degradation and Variation of Mechanical Properties Determined by Means of Magnetic Non-Destructive Techniques, 8th European Solid Mechanics Conference, 2012-07-09/09-13, Graz (AT), No.1, pp.1-2, 2012

Abstract:
In order to elaborate more efficient technological processes enabling a lifetime prolongation of some elements of devices and machines a lot of scientific efforts are focused on searching of the optimal loading combinations. As it has been found by Korbel and Bochniak [1, 2], a significant reduction of tensile or compressive forces in technological processes is possible using twisting moment simultaneously applied. They proposed the so-called KOBO method and successfully applied it to extrusion, forging or rolling processes. Up to now the method was checked for large deformations, what requiredalot of energy. Since the available results of the method validation in the range of small deformations are not sufficiently represented,an experimental programmelimiting maximal strain level below 1% (Fig.1)was elaborated. The strain controlled loading programme enables observation of stress/strain components variation as a function of time (Figs 1 and 2)The loading programme(for the 10H2M steel) contained four subsequent blocks of cyclic shear deformation assisted by tension. As it is illustrated in Fig.2, theaxial stress increases at the beginning of the test (first cyclic strain amplitude). However, for higher cyclic strain amplitudes, its lowering is clearly manifested. Figure 3 shows comparison of tensile characteristics in the case of activated and inactivated torsion cycles. It is seen, that while the torsion cycles were applied a gradual decrease of axial stress can be observed. The maximum drop of it was almost equal to 400 MPa for the highest cyclic strain amplitude used in the programme. The effect of similar order was also achieved for this material tested under monotonic tension and torsion-reverse-torsion cycles ofconstant strain amplitude (0.8%), Fig.4. It means that prior cyclic loading history does not influence a magnitude of the tensile stress drop. A reduction of axial stress due to application of cyclic loading by means of reversible torsion was also observed for other materials, i.e. the P91 steel and M1E copper (Fig.5) [3].

Affiliations:
Makowska K. - Motor Transport Institute (PL)
Kowalewski Z.L. - IPPT PAN
140.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T., An influence of cyclic torsion parameters on tensile characteristic variation, 29th Danubia-Adria-Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics, 2012-09-26/09-29, Belgrad (XS), Vol.1, No.1, pp.98-99, 2012
141.  Kowalewski Z.L., Rutecka A., Makowska K., Pietrzak K., Fatigue damage of Al/SiC composites – macroscopic and microscopic analysis, 29th Danubia-Adria-Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics, 2012-09-26/09-29, Belgrad (XS), Vol.1, No.1, pp.90-91, 2012
142.  Makowska K., Kowalewski Z.L., Qualitative evaluation of structural degradation and mechanical properties by means of Barkhausen and magnetoacoustic emission, 29th Danubia-Adria-Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics, 2012-09-26/09-29, Belgrad (XS), Vol.1, No.1, pp.90-91, 2012
143.  Makowska K., Kowalewski Z.L., Szelążek J., Structural and mechanical properties estimated by means of ultrasonic technique, SolMech 2012, 38th Solid Mechanics Conference, 2012-08-27/08-31, Warszawa (PL), pp.134-135, 2012
144.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T., Variations of stress state components during step cyclic loading of power plant steel, SolMech 2012, 38th Solid Mechanics Conference, 2012-08-27/08-31, Warszawa (PL), pp.130-131, 2012
145.  Moćko W., Kowalewski Z.L., Mechanical properties of selected aluminium alloys at wide range of strain rates, SolMech 2012, 38th Solid Mechanics Conference, 2012-08-27/08-31, Warszawa (PL), pp.136-137, 2012
146.  Kowalewski Z.L., Nowak Z., Moćko W., Direct impact compression test of tantalum – experimental investigation and model identification, SolMech 2012, 38th Solid Mechanics Conference, 2012-08-27/08-31, Warszawa (PL), pp.128-129, 2012
147.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Material effects during monotonic-cyclic loading, 28th Danubia-Adria-Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics, 2011-09-28/10-01, Siófok (HU), Vol.1, pp.93-94, 2011
148.  Moćko W., Kowalewski Z.L., Wojciechowski A., Numerical modelling of the miniaturized direct impact compression test method, 28th Danubia-Adria-Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics, 2011-09-28/10-01, Siófok (HU), Vol.1, pp.119-120, 2011
149.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T., Makowska K., Augustyniak B., Correlation of parameters determined using destructive and non-destructive testing methods as a tool of material degradation assessment, Plasticity 2011, 17th International Symposium on Plasticity and its Current Applications, 2011-01-03/01-08, Puerto Vallarta (MX), pp.1-3, 2011
150.  Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T., Maciejewski J., On the mutual interactions of monotonic and cyclic loading – experiments and theoretical predictions, Workshop on Constitutive Modeling in Applications for Industrial Processes, 2010-09-01/09-03, Kraków (PL), pp.1-2, 2010
151.  Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Behaviour of the 2024 aluminium alloy under non-proportional cyclic loading, SolMech 2010, 37th Solid Mechanics Conference, 2010-09-06/09-10, Warszawa (PL), pp.206-207, 2010
152.  Stoberska K., Kowalewski Z.L., Damage analysis of 13hmf steel subjected to plastic flow by means of non-destructive techniques, SolMech 2010, 37th Solid Mechanics Conference, 2010-09-06/09-10, Warszawa (PL), pp.204-205, 2010
153.  Moćko W., Pietrzak K., Kowalewski Z.L., Stoberska K., Sienicki E., An analysis of mechanical behaviour of tantalum over a wide range of strain rate, SolMech 2010, 37th Solid Mechanics Conference, 2010-09-06/09-10, Warszawa (PL), pp.200-201, 2010
154.  Kowalewski Z.L., Skibiński T., Mackiewicz S., Szelążek J., Experimental methods exploatation loading, Plasticity 2006, 12th International Symposium on Plasticity and Its Current Applications, 2006-07-17/07-22, Halifax (CA), pp.619-621, 2006

Patents
Filing No./Date
Filing Publication
Autors
Title
Protection Area, Applicant Name
Patent Number
Date of Grant
pdf
445649
2023-07-21
-
-
Kopeć M., Wyszkowski M., Kowalewski Z.L.
Self-centering system for strength tests in a complex state of stress
PL, Instytut Podstawowych Problemów Techniki PAN
-
-
-
439940
2021-12-21
BUP 26/2023
2023-06-26
Kopeć M., Wyszkowski M., Kowalewski Z. L.
Przyrząd samocentrujący do wysokotemperaturowych badań zmęczeniowych oraz sposób badania zmęczeniowego próbki
PL, Instytut Podstawowych Problemów Techniki PAN
-
-
-
437493
2021-04-07
BUP 41/2022
2022-10-10
Kopeć M., Wyszkowski M., Chojnacki A., Brodecki A., Kowalewski Z. L., Kukla D.
Instrument for testing tubular samples in a complex stress state
PL, Instytut Podstawowych Problemów Techniki PAN
-
-
-
437121
2021-02-25
BUP 35/2022
2022-08-29
Kowalewski Z.L., Kukla D., Wyszkowski M., Brodecki A., Kopeć M.
Stand mounted in the holders of the testing machine for testing the strength of the screw connection between the implant and the bone and a method of mounting the implant screwed to the bone in this stand
PL, Instytut Podstawowych Problemów Techniki PAN
-
-
-
437074
2021-02-22
BUP 35/2022
2022-08-29
Kowalewski Z.L., Kukla D., Wyszkowski M., Brodecki A., Kopeć M.
Stand for testing the strength of turbine blades under high-temperature cyclic loads and a complex stress state and the method of mounting turbine blades in this stand
PL, Instytut Podstawowych Problemów Techniki PAN
242030
WUP 02/2023
2023-01-09



437073
2021-02-22
BUP 35/2022
2022-08-29
Kowalewski Z.L., Kukla D., Wyszkowski M., Brodecki A., Kopeć M.
Grip of the tension creep-testing machine and the method of fixing samples made of high-strength materials in the grip of the tension creep-testing machine
PL, Instytut Podstawowych Problemów Techniki PAN
-
-
-
429504
2019-04-03
BUP 21/2020
2020-10-05
Libura T., Rusinek A., Kowalewski Z.L., Bouslikhane S.
Stand for testing the perforation of plates made of construction materials, in particular thin plates
PL, Instytut Podstawowych Problemów Techniki PAN
239439
WUP 35/2021
2021-11-29



41383
2017-10-31

2017-10-31
Rusinek A., Libura T., Klósak M., Kowalewski Z.L.
Chambre thermique - sarcophage pour essais de perforation a chaud
MA, Instytut Podstawowych Problemów Techniki PAN, Universiapolis (Agadir)
MA 41383 A1

2019-05-31



420748
2017-03-06
BUP 19/2018
2018-09-10
Libura T., Kowalewski Z.L., Moćko W.
Device for dynamic tensile testing of structural materials within the range of high deformation speed values
PL, Instytut Podstawowych Problemów Techniki PAN
234759
WUP 03/2020
2020-03-31



402175
2012-12-21
BUP 13/2014
2014-06-23
Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T.
Device for attaching a thin-walled tubular samples in a chuck of the testing machine
PL, Instytut Podstawowych Problemów Techniki PAN
223676
WUP 10/2016
2016-10-31



398245
2012-02-27
BUP 18/2013
2013-09-02
Dietrich L., Kowalewski Z.L., Socha G.
Device for testing the strength of thin, flat samples of construction materials, especially metal sheets
PL, Instytut Podstawowych Problemów Techniki PAN
231688
WUP 03/2019
2019-03-29



391485
2010-05-18
BUP 24/2011
2011-11-21
Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T.
Method for testing the mechanical properties of materials in the form of samples undergoing simultaneous influence of monotonically increasing axial force and cyclical torsional moment
PL, Instytut Transportu Samochodowego
224035
WUP 11/2016
2016-11-30



391486
2010-05-18
BUP 24/2011
2011-11-21
Kowalewski Z.L., Szymczak T.
Method for testing the mechanical properties of materials in the form of samples undergoing simultaneous influence torsional moment and axial force
PL, Instytut Transportu Samochodowego
224036
WUP 11/2016
2016-11-30



387994
2009-05-11
BUP 24/2010
2010-11-22
Kowalewski Z.L., Kowalewski J., Klasik A., Sobczak N.
Device for testing shear strength of a sample of the two different materials joint
PL, Instytut Transportu Samochodowego
215374
WUP 11/2013
2013-11-29



363831
2003-12-02
BUP 12/2005
2005-06-13
Kowalewski Z.L., Malinowski J.Z., Kowalewski J.
Apparatus for testing a dynamic strength of structural materials
PL, Instytut Podstawowych Problemów Techniki PAN
200896
WUP 02/2009
2009-02-27



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