Institute of Fundamental Technological Research
Polish Academy of Sciences

Staff

Prof. Michał Giersig, PhD, DSc

Department of Theory of Continuous Media and Nanostructures (ZTOCiN)
Research Team: Nanomaterials for Applications in Electronics and Biomedicine (ZeBNZEiB)
position: Professor
Head of Department
Director’s representative for nanotechnology
telephone: (+48) 22 826 12 81 ext.: 410
room: 420
e-mail:
ORCID: 0000-0002-5394-0413

Education
1999 Dr. rer. nat habil. (Venia Legendi) Faculty of Physical Chemistry; University of Potsdam
1988 Dr. rer. nat.; Department of Chemistry; Freie University Berlin, Germany
1984 Master Dipl. Phys. Department of Physics; Freie University Berlin, Germany
Other
2013 Foreign member of Polish Academy of Sciences

Recent publications
1.  Zhang Y., Nwaji N., Wu L., Jin m., Zhou G., Giersig M., Wang X., Qiu T., Akinoglu E.M., MAPbBr3/Bi2WO6 Z-scheme-Heterojunction Photocatalysts for photocatalytic CO2 reduction, JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE, ISSN: 0022-2461, DOI: 10.1007/s10853-023-09220-w, Vol.59, pp.Journal of Material Science-1498-1512, 2024

Abstract:
Photocatalytic CO2 reduction has emerged as a promising strategy for converting solar energy into valuable chemicals, capturing the attention of scientists across various disciplines. Organic and inorganic perovskites, particularly methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3), have demonstrated potential in this field due to their remarkable visible-light response and carrier transport properties. However, the catalytic performance of pristine MAPbBr3 has been limited by severe charge recombination, hindering its applicability in photocatalytic systems. Here, we show that a MAPbBr3/Bi2WO6 (MA/BWO) heterojunction significantly enhances photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance compared to individual pristine MA or BWO. This enhancement is evidenced by the superior performance of the 25% MA/BWO composite, which exhibits CO and CH4 release rates of 1.82 μmol/g/h and 0.08 μmol/g/h, respectively. This improvement is attributed to the direct Z-scheme heterojunction formed between MAPbBr3 and Bi2WO6, which facilitates efficient charge separation and suppresses charge recombination. The results challenge the previous understanding of MAPbBr3-based photocatalysts and demonstrate a novel approach for developing highly active organic and inorganic perovskite photocatalysts. The successful application of the MA/BWO heterojunction in photocatalytic CO2 reduction expands the scope of organic and inorganic perovskites in the field of renewable energy conversion. By providing a broader perspective, our findings contribute to the ongoing efforts towards sustainable energy solutions, appealing

Affiliations:
Zhang Y. - University of Notre Dame (US)
Nwaji N. - other affiliation
Wu L. - other affiliation
Jin m. - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Zhou G. - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
Wang X. - other affiliation
Qiu T. - other affiliation
Akinoglu E.M. - University of Melbourne (AU)
2.  Osial M., Ha G., Vu V., Nguyen P., Nieciecka D., Pietrzyk‑Thel P., Urbanek O., Olusegun S., Wilczewski S., Giersig M., Do H., Dinh T., One-pot synthesis of magnetic hydroxyapatite (SPION/HAp) for 5-fluorouracil delivery and magnetic hyperthermia, Journal of Nanoparticle Research, ISSN: 1388-0764, DOI: 10.1007/s11051-023-05916-x, Vol.26, No.7, pp.1-23, 2024

Abstract:
This work presents the synthesis and characterization of a composite made of superparamagnetic iron oxide and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (SPION/HAp) with a well-developed surface for loading anticancer drugs and for use in magnetic hyperthermia and local chemotherapy. The proposed material was obtained by an easy one-pot co-precipitation method with a controlled ratio of SPION to HAp. The morphology was studied by SEM and TEM, indicating rod-like structures for high HAp content in the composite and granule-like structures with increasing SPION. Its crystallinity, elemental composition, and functional groups were determined by X-ray diffraction, EDS, and FT-IR, respectively. The nanocomposite was then stabilized with citrates (CA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and folic acid (FA) as agents to improve intracellular absorption, while turbidimetric studies confirmed that only citrates effectively stabilized the magnetic carriers to form a colloidal suspension. Subsequently, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was loaded into the magnetic carriers and tested in vitro using the L-929 cell line. The studies showed no cytotoxicity of the citrate-stabilized suspension against fibroblasts and some cytotoxicity after 5-FU release. In addition to in vitro studies, the composite was also tested on biomimetic membranes made of DOPC, DOPE, cholesterol, and DOPS lipids using Langmuir trough. The results show that the resulting suspension interacts with biomimetic membranes, while magnetic hyperthermia studies confirm effective heat generation to achieve therapeutic 42–46 °C and improve drug release from magnetic carriers.

Keywords:
SPION, Hydroxyapatite, Magnetic hyperthermia, Drug delivery, 5-fluorouracil, Biomimetic membranes, Nanostructures, Cancer treatment

Affiliations:
Osial M. - IPPT PAN
Ha G. - other affiliation
Vu V. - other affiliation
Nguyen P. - other affiliation
Nieciecka D. - other affiliation
Pietrzyk‑Thel P. - IPPT PAN
Urbanek O. - IPPT PAN
Olusegun S. - other affiliation
Wilczewski S. - other affiliation
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
Do H. - other affiliation
Dinh T. - other affiliation
3.  Li C., Qiu T., Li C., Cheng B., Jin M., Zhou G., Giersig M., Wang X., Gao J., Akinoglu E.M., Highly Flexible and Acid−Alkali Resistant TiN Nanomesh Transparent Electrodes for Next-Generation Optoelectronic Devices, ACS Nano, ISSN: 1936-0851, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05211 , pp.1-10, 2023

Abstract:
ransparent electrodes are vital for optoelectronic
devices, but their development has been constrained by the limitations of existing materials such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and newer alternatives. All face issues of robustness, flexibility,conductivity, and stability in harsh environments. Addressing this challenge, we developed a flexible, low-cost titanium nitride (TiN)
nanomesh transparent electrode showcasing exceptional acid−alkali resistance. The TiN nanomesh electrode, created by depositing a TiN coating on a naturally cracked gel film substrate via a sputtering method, maintains a stable electrical performance through
thousands of bending cycles. It exhibits outstanding chemical
stability, resisting strong acid and alkali corrosion, which is a key hurdle for current electrodes when in contact with acidic/alkaline materials and solvents during device fabrication. This, coupled with superior light transmission and conductivity (88% at 550 nm with a sheet resistance of ∼200 Ω/sq), challenges the reliance on conventional materials. Our TiN nanomesh electrode,successfully applied in electric heaters and electrically controlled thermochromic devices, offers broad potential beyond harsh environment applications. It enables alternative possibilities for the design and fabrication of future optoelectronics for advancements in this pivotal field.

Keywords:
transparent electrode, titanium nitride, flexible, corrosion resistant, mesh, smart window

Affiliations:
Li C. - other affiliation
Qiu T. - other affiliation
Li C. - other affiliation
Cheng B. - other affiliation
Jin M. - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Zhou G. - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
Wang X. - other affiliation
Gao J. - other affiliation
Akinoglu E.M. - University of Melbourne (AU)
4.  Abramowicz M., Osial M., Urbańska W., Walicki M., Wilczewski S., Pręgowska A., Skórczewska K., Jenczyk P., Warczak M., Pisarek M., Giersig M., Upcycling of Acid-Leaching Solutions from Li-Ion Battery Waste Treatment through the Facile Synthesis of Magnetorheological Fluid, Molecules, ISSN: 1420-3049, DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062558, Vol.28, No.6, pp.2558-1-2558-16, 2023

Abstract:
The rapidly growing production and usage of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) dramatically raises the number of harmful wastes. Consequently, the LIBs waste management processes, taking into account reliability, efficiency, and sustainability criteria, became a hot issue in the context of environmental protection as well as the scarcity of metal resources. In this paper, we propose for the first time a functional material—a magnetorheological fluid (MRF) from the LIBs-based liquid waste containing heavy metal ions. At first, the spent battery waste powder was treated with acid-leaching, where the post-treatment acid-leaching solution (ALS) contained heavy metal ions including cobalt. Then, ALS was used during wet co-precipitation to obtain cobalt-doped superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and as an effect, the harmful liquid waste was purified from cobalt. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized with SEM, TEM, XPS, and magnetometry. Subsequently, superparamagnetic nanoparticles sized 15 nm average in diameter and magnetization saturation of about 91 emu g−1 doped with Co were used to prepare the MRF that increases the viscosity by about 300% in the presence of the 100 mT magnetic fields. We propose a facile and cost-effective way to utilize harmful ALS waste and use them in the preparation of superparamagnetic particles to be used in the magnetorheological fluid. This work describes for the first time the second life of the battery waste in the MRF and a facile way to remove the harmful ingredients from the solutions obtained after the acid leaching of LIBs as an effective end-of-life option for hydrometallurgical waste utilization.

Keywords:
environment protection SPION, battery waste, toxic waste management, direct recycling, sustainability, circular economy, critical raw materials

Affiliations:
Abramowicz M. - University of Warsaw (PL)
Osial M. - IPPT PAN
Urbańska W. - Wroclaw University of Science and Technology (PL)
Walicki M. - other affiliation
Wilczewski S. - IPPT PAN
Pręgowska A. - IPPT PAN
Skórczewska K. - other affiliation
Jenczyk P. - IPPT PAN
Warczak M. - Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences (PL)
Pisarek M. - Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences (PL)
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
5.  Florek E., Witkowska M., Szukalska M., Richter M., Trzeciak T., Miechowicz I., Marszałek A., Piekoszewski W., Wyrwa Z., Giersig M., Oxidative Stress in Long-Term Exposure to Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Male Rats, Antioxidants, ISSN: 2076-3921, DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020464, Vol.12, No.464, pp.1-25, 2023

Abstract:

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Open AccessArticle
Oxidative Stress in Long-Term Exposure to Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Male Rats
by Ewa Florek
1,* [ORCID] , Marta Witkowska
2,3, Marta Szukalska
1 [ORCID] , Magdalena Richter
4 [ORCID] , Tomasz Trzeciak
4, Izabela Miechowicz
5 [ORCID] , Andrzej Marszałek
6 [ORCID] , Wojciech Piekoszewski
7 [ORCID] , Zuzanna Wyrwa
1 and Michael Giersig
3,8
1
Laboratory of Environmental Research, Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
2
Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
3
Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
4
Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-545 Poznan, Poland
5
Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
6
Oncologic Pathology and Prophylaxis, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
7
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
8
Department of Theory of Continuous Media and Nanostructures, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020464
Received: 13 December 2022 / Revised: 7 February 2023 / Accepted: 10 February 2023 / Published: 12 February 2023
Download Review Reports Versions Notes
Abstract
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) serve as nanoparticles due to their size, and for that reason, when in contact with the biological system, they can have toxic effects. One of the main mechanisms responsible for nanotoxicity is oxidative stress resulting from the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, oxidative stress biomarkers are important tools for assessing MWCNTs toxicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in male rats. Our animal model studies of MWCNTs (diameter ~15–30 nm, length ~15–20 μm) include measurement of oxidative stress parameters in the body fluid and tissues of animals after long-term exposure. Rattus Norvegicus/Wistar male rats were administrated a single injection to the knee joint at three concentrations: 0.03 mg/mL, 0.25 mg/mL, and 0.5 mg/mL. The rats were euthanized 12 and 18 months post-exposure by drawing blood from the heart, and their liver and kidney tissues were removed. To evaluate toxicity, the enzymatic activity of total protein (TP), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione S–transferase (GST), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), nitric oxide (NO), and catalase (CAT) was measured and histopathological examination was conducted. Results in rat livers showed that TEAC level was decreased in rats receiving nanotubes at higher concentrations. Results in kidneys report that the level of NO showed higher concentration after long exposure, and results in animal serums showed lower levels of GSH in rats exposed to nanotubes at higher concentrations. The 18-month exposure also resulted in a statistically significant increase in GST activity in the group of rats exposed to nanotubes at higher concentrations compared to animals receiving MWCNTs at lower concentrations and compared to the control group. Therefore, an analysis of oxidative stress parameters can be a key indicator of the toxic potential of multi-walled carbon nanotubes.

Keywords:
multi-walled carbon nanotubes,oxidative stress parameters,rats,long-term toxicity

Affiliations:
Florek E. - Poznan University of Medical Sciences (PL)
Witkowska M. - other affiliation
Szukalska M. - other affiliation
Richter M. - other affiliation
Trzeciak T. - Poznan University of Medical Sciences (PL)
Miechowicz I. - other affiliation
Marszałek A. - Nicolaus Copernicus University (PL)
Piekoszewski W. - other affiliation
Wyrwa Z. - other affiliation
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
6.  Cheng B., Qiu T., Jin M., Zhou G., Giersig M., Wang X., Akinoglu E.M., Spreading Solution Additives Governs the Quality of Polystyrene Particle-Based Two-Dimensional Opals, LANGMUIR, ISSN: 0743-7463, DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00418, Vol.39, pp.8996-9006, 2023

Abstract:
wo-dimensional polystyrene sphere opals are important materials for nanotechnology applications and funda-
mental nanoscience research. They are a facile and inexpensive nanofabrication tool, but the quality factor of these opals has drastic differences between reports. Additives like ethanol, ions, and organic molecules in the aqueous particle spreading solution are known to affect the quality factor and growth efficiency of the
produced opals. However, a systematic study on the effect and optimization of some of the most effective additives has not been reported until now. Here, we investigate the influence of additives on the growth efficiency and quality factor of such monolayers formed at the air−water interface without the use of a Langmuir−Blodgett trough. The additives induced large variations in the monolayer quality factor and growth efficiency, and we found that the ideal additive content of the spreading agents is 30 wt % < cethanol < 70 wt %, 0 < cHd 2SOd 4 < 30.5 mM, and 0 < csty < 255.0 mM. This study provides a guideline for the rational composition and additive content of the spreading solution to obtain high-quality two-dimensional opals for further applications in nanofabrication and photonics and will enable researchers and application engineers to produce standardized nanofabrication materials.

Affiliations:
Cheng B. - other affiliation
Qiu T. - other affiliation
Jin M. - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Zhou G. - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
Wang X. - other affiliation
Akinoglu E.M. - University of Melbourne (AU)
7.  Osial M., Wilczewski S., Szulc J., Nguyen Hai D., Nguyen Thi Kieu O., Skórczewska K., Majkowska-Pilip A., Żelechowska-Matysiak K., Nieciecka D., Pręgowska A., Nguyen Thu P., Tymoszuk A., Kulus D., Giersig M., Nanohydroxyapatite Loaded with 5-Fluorouracil and Calendula officinalis L. Plant Extract Rich in Myo-Inositols for Treatment of Ovarian Cancer Cells, Coatings, ISSN: 2079-6412, DOI: 10.3390/coatings13111944, Vol.13, No.1944, pp.1-21, 2023

Keywords:
hydroxyapatite, myo-inositol, 5-fluorouracil, anticancer treatment, SKOV-3, calendula extract, Langmuir trough

Affiliations:
Osial M. - IPPT PAN
Wilczewski S. - other affiliation
Szulc J. - other affiliation
Nguyen Hai D. - other affiliation
Nguyen Thi Kieu O. - other affiliation
Skórczewska K. - other affiliation
Majkowska-Pilip A. - other affiliation
Żelechowska-Matysiak K. - other affiliation
Nieciecka D. - other affiliation
Pręgowska A. - IPPT PAN
Nguyen Thu P. - other affiliation
Tymoszuk A. - other affiliation
Kulus D. - other affiliation
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
8.  Pietrzyk-Thel P., Osial M., Pręgowska A., Abramowicz M., Nguyen Thu P., Urbańska W., Giersig M., SPIONs doped with cobalt from the Li-ion battery acid leaching waste as a photocatalyst for tetracycline degradation - synthesis, characterization, DFT studies, and antibiotic treatment, Desalination and Water Treatment, ISSN: 1944-3994, DOI: 10.5004/dwt.2023.29795, Vol.305, pp.155-173, 2023

Keywords:
Spent lithium-ion batteries, LiBs, Acid leaching, SPION, Magnetic nanomaterials, Metals recovery, Superparamagnetic, Waste management, Functional materials

Affiliations:
Pietrzyk-Thel P. - IPPT PAN
Osial M. - IPPT PAN
Pręgowska A. - IPPT PAN
Abramowicz M. - University of Warsaw (PL)
Nguyen Thu P. - other affiliation
Urbańska W. - Wroclaw University of Science and Technology (PL)
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
9.  Nguyen Phuong T., Wilczewski S., Lewandowski J., Majkowska-Pilip A., Żelechowska-Matysiak K., Nieciecka D., Studziński W., Olusegun Joseph S., Syczewski M., Giersig M., Dinh Thi Mai T., Krysiński P., Osial M., 5-fluorouracil and curcuminoids extract from Curcuma longa L. loaded into nanohydroxyapatite as a drug delivery carrier for SKOV-3 and HepG2 cancer cells treatment, CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL, ISSN: 0272-8842, DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.05.123, pp.1-13, 2023

Keywords:
Drug delivery, Hydroxyapatite, Anticancer, 5-fluorouracil, Curcuminoids, Nanocomposite

Affiliations:
Nguyen Phuong T. - other affiliation
Wilczewski S. - other affiliation
Lewandowski J. - other affiliation
Majkowska-Pilip A. - other affiliation
Żelechowska-Matysiak K. - other affiliation
Nieciecka D. - other affiliation
Studziński W. - other affiliation
Olusegun Joseph S. - other affiliation
Syczewski M. - other affiliation
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
Dinh Thi Mai T. - other affiliation
Krysiński P. - other affiliation
Osial M. - IPPT PAN
10.  Osial M., Pregowska A., Warczak M., Giersig M., Magnetorheological fluids: A concise review of composition, physicochemical properties, and models, JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT MATERIAL SYSTEMS AND STRUCTURES, ISSN: 1045-389X, DOI: 10.1177/1045389X231157357, pp.1-21, 2023

Keywords:
Magnetorheological Fluids (MRF), rheology, smart materials, intelligent fluid, functional materials

Affiliations:
Osial M. - IPPT PAN
Pregowska A. - IPPT PAN
Warczak M. - Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences (PL)
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
11.  Nwaji N., Akinoglu E.M., Lin Q., Teshome Tufa L., Sharan A., Singh N., Wang X., Giersig M., Lee J., Surface Modulation of Fe3O4 Confined in Porous Molybdenum-Based Nanoplatform for Enhanced Hydrogen Production, Energy Technology, ISSN: 2194-4296, DOI: 10.1002/ente.202201061, Vol.11, No.2, pp.2201061-1-9, 2023

Abstract:
The integration of different precursor components to form single nanostructures via one-step synthesis process is mostly restricted by the compatibility and complexity of components. Herein, a highly uniform, spherical, hollowed, and hierarchical iron oxide-wrapped Mo–polydopamine is synthesized using a one-pot liquid-phase reaction at room temperature. Mo2C is doped with Fe3O4 to harness the rich electrons in Fe dopants for effective lowering of the unoccupied d-orbitals in Mo. The surface conductivity of the as-prepared nanostructures is enhanced by decorating them with gold nanoparticles utilizing strong interaction of Au and amine. The nanocomposites are converted into carbidic hollowed structures via an annealing process without any distortion in morphology. The well-organized structure and nanosize of the particles provide efficient catalytic performance for hydrogen evolution reaction in acidic media. MoFe–C@Au exhibits a very positive onset potential of 2 mV, low Tafel slope of 50.1 mV dec^-1, and remarkable long- term stability.

Keywords:
electrocatalysts,hierarchical syntheses,hydrogen evolution,molybdenum,polydopamine

Affiliations:
Nwaji N. - other affiliation
Akinoglu E.M. - University of Melbourne (AU)
Lin Q. - other affiliation
Teshome Tufa L. - other affiliation
Sharan A. - other affiliation
Singh N. - other affiliation
Wang X. - other affiliation
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
Lee J. - Lexington High School (US)
12.  Li C., Qiu T., Zhou G., Giersig M., Wang X., Akinoglu E.M., Oxygen plasma induced solvent resistance of polystyrene particles enables the fabrication of ultra-thin free-standing crosslinked polymer films, Surfaces and Interfaces, ISSN: 2468-0230, DOI: 10.1016/j.surfin.2023.103164, Vol.41, No.103164, pp.1-9, 2023

Abstract:
Plasma-treated polystyrene particles (PSP) are key building blocks in the fabrication of two- dimensional
nanostructure arrays. Oxygen plasma etching can shrink PS particles and is a widespread tool in fundamental
research and applications, but its effect has not been well understood. Here, we show that oxygen plasma induces
an ultra-thin cross-linking layer on the surface of the PSPs, which increases their solvent resistance. We found in
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) fine structure and valence band probing that the polymer C–C bonds are breaking and ecombining to form oxygenated functional groups. Our results explain, why oxygen plasma etched PS particles are more difficult to dissolve in nanofabrication procedures. Further, we used the ultra-thin crosslinked polymer layer to construct novel substrate-base microcavity arrays.

Keywords:
Polystyrene particle, Oxygen plasma, Cross-linking

Affiliations:
Li C. - other affiliation
Qiu T. - other affiliation
Zhou G. - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
Wang X. - other affiliation
Akinoglu E.M. - University of Melbourne (AU)
13.  Nguyen Phuong T., Nguyen Hong N., Cao Hong T., Dang Dac Vu Q., Le Phuong T., Do Hai T., Osial M., Giersig M., Dinh Thanh Thi M., Apatite Ore-based Nanostructures: Novel and Eco-friendly Sorbent for Efficient Removal of Wastewater Containing Pb2+ and Fe3+, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution , ISSN: 1573-2932, DOI: 10.1007/s11270-023-06547-7, Vol.234, No.550, pp.1-18, 2023

Keywords:
Nanostructural hydroxyapatite, Apatite ore, Wastewater treatment, Heavy metal ions removal, Novel eco-friendly adsorbent, Adsorption

Affiliations:
Nguyen Phuong T. - other affiliation
Nguyen Hong N. - other affiliation
Cao Hong T. - other affiliation
Dang Dac Vu Q. - other affiliation
Le Phuong T. - other affiliation
Do Hai T. - other affiliation
Osial M. - IPPT PAN
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
Dinh Thanh Thi M. - other affiliation
14.  Yang H., Akinoglu E.M., Lisi F., Wu L., Shen S., Jin M., Zhou G., Giersig M., Shui L., Mulvaney Paul ., A versatile strategy for loading silica particles with dyes and quantum dots, Colloid and Interface Science Communications, ISSN: 2215-0382, DOI: 10.1016/j.colcom.2022.100594, Vol.47, No.100594, pp.1-9, 2022

Abstract:
A simple and inexpensive method for the controlled loading of silica particles with dyes and nanocrystals is presented. Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride is used as a positively charged bridge to facilitate electrostatic adsorption of negatively charged dyes onto negatively charged silica microspheres. The particles are subsequently coated with a further silica shell to protect the dyes against chemical degradation and leakage and this shell affords a unform particle surface independent of its doping. This encapsulation method is highly versatile and can be extended to doping with semiconductor nanocrystals, which we demonstrate using CdSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots. The synthesis steps and end products are characterized with electron microscopy, optical spectroscopy and the electrokinetic potential of the colloidal suspensions. We show that the particles adapt the optical properties of their dopants and are resistant to degradation, dopant leakage and show reasonable emission even at acidic pH values due to the protective shell.

Keywords:
Silica particles, Dye, Quantum dot, Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride, Doping

Affiliations:
Yang H. - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Akinoglu E.M. - University of Melbourne (AU)
Lisi F. - other affiliation
Wu L. - other affiliation
Shen S. - other affiliation
Jin M. - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Zhou G. - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
Shui L. - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Mulvaney Paul . - University of Melbourne (AU)
15.  Achadu Ojodomo J., Nwaji N., Lee D., Lee J., Akinoglu E.M., Giersig M., Park Enoch Y., 3D hierarchically porous magnetic molybdenum trioxide@gold nanospheres as a nanogap-enhanced Raman scattering biosensor for SARS-CoV-2, Nanoscale Advances, ISSN: 2516-0230, DOI: 10.1039/d1na00746g, Vol.4, pp.871-883, 2022

Abstract:
The global pandemic of COVID-19 is an example of how quickly a disease-causing virus can take root and threaten our civilization. Nowadays, ultrasensitive and rapid detection of contagious pathogens is in high demand. Here, we present a novel hierarchically porous 3-dimensional magnetic molybdenum trioxide–polydopamine-gold functionalized nanosphere (3D mag-MoO3–PDA@Au NS) composed of plasmonic, semiconductor, and magnetic nanoparticles as a multifunctional nanosculptured hybrid. Based on the synthesized 3D mag-MoO3–PDA@Au NS, a universal “plug and play” biosensor for pathogens is proposed. Specifically, a magnetically-induced nanogap-enhanced Raman scattering (MINERS) detection platform was developed using the 3D nanostructure. Through a magnetic actuation process, the MINERS system overcomes Raman signal stability and reproducibility challenges for the ultrasensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein over a wide dynamic range up to a detection limit of 10−15 g mL−1. The proposed MINERS platform will facilitate the broader use of Raman spectroscopy as a powerful analytical detection tool in diverse fields.

Affiliations:
Achadu Ojodomo J. - other affiliation
Nwaji N. - other affiliation
Lee D. - other affiliation
Lee J. - Lexington High School (US)
Akinoglu E.M. - University of Melbourne (AU)
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
Park Enoch Y. - other affiliation
16.  Akinoglu E.M., Ren B., Xu J., Su D., Qiu T., Giersig M., Wen G., Vertically Aligned Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube/Cu Catalysts for CO2 Electroreduction, ACS Applied Nano Materials, ISSN: 2574-0970, DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c01728, Vol.5, No.8, pp.10399-10408, 2022

Abstract:
Enhancing the selectivity of hydrocarbon products remains a key challenge to achieving artificial energy sustainability via closing the carbon cycle. While copper-based electrodes uniquely yield hydrocarbon products, the improvement of their product selectivity through physical morphology regulation shows great potential and requires further investigation. Here, we show the distinct morphological influences of the Cu electrode on the reaction selectivity. We synthesize binder-free, vertically aligned, nanoid forest-like copper electrocatalysts for superior improved methane conversion selectivity with respect to planar Cu. These Cu nanocomposites are fabricated through the conformal coating of vertically aligned multiwalled carbon nanotube array electrodes, which have matured to a cost-effective and scalable technology over the past two decades. Simulations reveal that carbon intermediates and protons can be confined in the gaps of the nanoid copper forest, which are formed in situ and in turn cover the catalytic sites and facilitate the simultaneous transfer of coupled electrons and protons. Such forest-like antenna morphology benefits from a threefold improvement of the CO2 electroreduction performance through a decreased reaction onset potential, an increased current density, and enhanced hydrocarbon selectivity.

Keywords:
CO2 conversion,electroreduction,MWCNT,copper catalyst

Affiliations:
Akinoglu E.M. - University of Melbourne (AU)
Ren B. - other affiliation
Xu J. - other affiliation
Su D. - other affiliation
Qiu T. - other affiliation
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
Wen G. - other affiliation
17.  Pietrzyk P., Phuong N.T., Olusegun S.J., Nam N.H., Thanh D.T.M., Giersig M., Krysiński P., Osial M., Titan Yellow and Congo Red Removal with Superparamagnetic Iron-Oxide-Based Nanoparticles Doped with Zinc, MAGNETOCHEMISTRY, ISSN: 2312-7481, DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry8080091, Vol.8, No.91, pp.1-24, 2022

Abstract:
In this work, we present magnetic nanoparticles based on iron oxide doped with zinc syn-
thesized using the wet co-precipitation method for environmental application. The morphology of the
samples was revealed by SEM and TEM, which showed particles of granular shape and size of about
15 nm. The specific surface areas of the materials using the BET method were within the range of 85.7 to 101.5 m2 g−1 depending on the zinc content in the superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPI-ONs). Magnetometry was performed to determine the magnetic properties of the particles, indicating superparamagnetism. Synthesized magnetic nanoparticles with different amounts of zinc dopant were used as an adsorbent to remove model pollutant Titan yellow (TY) from the aqueous solutions. Adsorption was determined by investigating the effects of sorbent amount, dye concentration, and contact time. The synthesized material removed Titan yellow quickly and efficiently within the phys-ical adsorption. The adsorption isotherms were consistent with the models proposed by Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson. The monolayer adsorption capacities were 30 and 43 mg g−1 for Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@10%Zn, respectively, for the removal of TY. However, that of Congo red is 59 mg g−1 by Fe3O4@10%Zn. The proposed nanoparticles offer fast and cost-effective water purification, and they can be separated from solution using magnets.

Keywords:
perparamagnetic particles, pollution treatment, Titan yellow, Congo red, adsorption isotherm, iron oxide

Affiliations:
Pietrzyk P. - other affiliation
Phuong N.T. - other affiliation
Olusegun S.J. - other affiliation
Nam N.H. - other affiliation
Thanh D.T.M. - other affiliation
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
Krysiński P. - other affiliation
Osial M. - IPPT PAN
18.  Thanh D.T.M., Phuong N.T., Hai D.T., Giang H.N., Thom N.T., Nam P.T., Dung N.T., Giersig M., Osial M., Influence of Experimental Conditions during Synthesis on the Physicochemical Properties of the SPION/Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposite for Magnetic Hyperthermia Application, MAGNETOCHEMISTRY, ISSN: 2312-7481, DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry8080090, Vol.8, No.8:90, pp.1-17, 2022

Abstract:
In this work, we report on the fabrication of nanocomposites based on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) in combination with hydroxyapatite (HAp) as a platform for drug delivery and magnetic hyperthermia application. First, the influence of experimental conditions such as co-precipitant, bath temperature, and pH on the morphology and magnetic properties of SPIONs was investigated. Then, the superparamagnetic particles were coated with the hydroxyapatite layer for further loading of anticancer drugs, determining the optimal thickness of the HAp shell. The composite was fabricated by the wet chemical process and was characterized by optimizing the experimental conditions of the wiring synthesis to obtain the superparamagnetic spherical material with a high HAp loading as a platform for drug uptake. SEM and TEM studies confirmed the round shape of the magnetic core up to 15 nm in size with a well-defined HAp shell. After checking the material’s superparamagnetic properties, the temperature dependence on time and alternating magnetic field strength was tested and optimized in hyperthermia experiments.

Keywords:
superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), hydroxyapatite, nanocomposite, magnetic hyperthermia

Affiliations:
Thanh D.T.M. - other affiliation
Phuong N.T. - other affiliation
Hai D.T. - other affiliation
Giang H.N. - other affiliation
Thom N.T. - other affiliation
Nam P.T. - other affiliation
Dung N.T. - other affiliation
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
Osial M. - IPPT PAN
19.  Osial M., Pręgowska A., Wilczewski S., Urbańska W., Giersig M., Waste Management for Green Concrete Solutions: A Concise Critical Review, Recycling, ISSN: 2313-4321, DOI: 10.3390/recycling7030037, Vol.7, No.3, pp.37-1-23, 2022

Abstract:
Reinforced concrete based on ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is one of the most commonly used materials in modern buildings. Due to the global growth of the building industry, concrete components have been partially or completely replaced with waste materials that can be used as binders or aggregates. Besides the ecological aspects, modern architecture widely needs materials to make the concrete durable, resisting large loads and various detrimental forces in the environment. This opens the possibilities of managing waste materials and applying them in practice. This paper presents a concise review of the green solutions for ecofriendly materials in the building industry that deal with the practical application of materials commonly treated as waste. The main emphasis was placed on their influence on the properties of the building material, optimal composition of mixtures, and discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of each of the “green” additives. It turned out that some solutions are far from being ecofriendly materials, as they leech and release numerous harmful chemicals into the environment during their presence in concrete. Finally, the paper suggests a research direction for the development of an ecofriendly structural material for a sustainable future.

Keywords:
green concrete; waste management; waste as a cement filler; secondary raw materials; alternative cements

Affiliations:
Osial M. - IPPT PAN
Pręgowska A. - IPPT PAN
Wilczewski S. - IPPT PAN
Urbańska W. - Wroclaw University of Science and Technology (PL)
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
20.  Nwaji N., Akinoglu E.M., Biyun L., Xin W., Michael G., One-Pot Synthesis of One-Dimensional Multijunction Semiconductor Nanochains from Cu1.94S, CdS, and ZnS for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation., ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, ISSN: 1944-8244, DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18020, Vol.49, pp.ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces-58630-58639, 2021

Abstract:
Chains of alternating semiconductor nanocrystals are complex nanostructures that can offer control over photogenerated charge carriers dynamics and quantized electronic states. We develop a simple one-pot colloidal synthesis of complex Cu1.94S-CdS and Cu1.94S-ZnS nanochains exploiting an equilibrium driving ion exchange mechanism. The chain length of the heterostructures can be tuned using a concentration dependent cation exchange mechanism controlled by the precursor concentrations, which enables the synthesis of monodisperse and uniform Cu1.94S-CdS-Cu1.94S nanochains featuring three epitaxial junctions. These seamless junctions enable efficient separation of photogenerated charge carriers, which can be harvested for photocatalytic applications. We demonstrate the superior photocatalytic activity of these noble metal free materials through solar hydrogen generation at a hydrogen evolution rate of 22.01 mmol g–1 h–1, which is 1.5-fold that of Pt/CdS heterostructure photocatalyst particles.

Affiliations:
Nwaji N. - IPPT PAN
Akinoglu E.M. - University of Melbourne (AU)
Biyun L. - other affiliation
Xin W. - other affiliation
Michael G. - IPPT PAN
21.  Akay Ö., Poon J., Robertson C., Abdi F., Cuenya B.R., Giersig M., Brinkert K., Releasing the Bubbles: Nanotopographical Electrocatalyst Design for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production in Microgravity Environment, Advanced science, ISSN: 2198-3844, DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105380, No.2105380, pp.1-11, 2021

Abstract:
Photoelectrochemical devices integrate the processes of light absorption, charge separation, and catalysis for chemical synthesis. The monolithic design is interesting for space applications, where weight and volume constraints predominate. Hindered gas bubble desorption and the lack of macroconvection processes in reduced gravitation, however, limit its application in space. Physico-chemical modifications of the electrode surface are required to induce gas bubble desorption and ensure continuous device operation. A detailed investigation of the electrocatalyst nanostructure design for light-assisted hydrogen production in microgravity environment is described. p-InP coated with a rhodium (Rh) electrocatalyst layer fabricated by shadow nanosphere lithography is used as a model device. Rh is deposited via physical vapor deposition (PVD) or photoelectrodeposition through a mask of polystyrene (PS) particles. It is observed that the PS sphere size and electrocatalyst deposition technique alter the electrode surface wettability significantly, controlling hydrogen gas bubble detachment and photocurrent–voltage characteristics. The highest, most stable current density of 37.8 mA cm−2 is achieved by depositing Rh via PVD through 784 nm sized PS particles. The increased hydrophilicity of the photoelectrode results in small gas bubble contact angles and weak frictional forces at the solid–gas interface which cause enhanced gas bubble detachment and enhanced device efficiency.

Keywords:
electrocatalyst nanotopography, hydrogen evolution, microgravity, photoelectrocatalysis, (photo-)electrochemical gas bubble evolution, shadow nanosphere lithography

Affiliations:
Akay Ö. - Free University of Berlin (DE)
Poon J. - Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society (DE)
Robertson C. - University of Warwick (GB)
Abdi F. - Institute for Solar Fuels, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (DE)
Cuenya B.R. - Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society (DE)
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
Brinkert K. - University of Warwick (GB)
22.  Chen R., Xue Yafei ., Xu X., Yang H., Qiu T., Shui Lingling ., Wang Xin ., Zhou G., Giersig M., Pidot S., Hutchison J.A ., Akinoglu E.M., Lithography-free synthesis of periodic, vertically-aligned, multi-walled carbon nanotube arrays, NANOTECHNOLOGY, ISSN: 0957-4484, DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac345a, Vol.33, No.065304 , pp.1-9, 2021

Abstract:
Until now, the growth of periodic vertically aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube (VA-
MWCNT) arrays was dependent on at least one lithography step during fabrication. Here, we demonstrate a lithography-free fabrication method to grow hexagonal arrays of self-standing VA-MWCNTs with tunable pitch and MWCNT size. The MWCNTs are synthesized by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) from Ni catalyst particles. Template guided dewetting of a thin Ni film on a hexagonally close-packed silica particle monolayer provides periodically distributed Ni catalyst particles as seeds for the growth of the periodic MWCNT arrays. The diameter of the silica particles directly controls the pitch of the periodic VA-MWCNT arrays from 600 nm to as small as 160 nm. The diameter and length of the individual MWCNTs can also be readily adjusted and are a function of the Ni particle size and PECVD time. This unique method of lithography-free growth of periodic VA-MWCNT arrays can be utilized for the fabrication of large-scale biomimetic materials

Keywords:
periodic, ithography free, nanofabrication, template guided, vertically-aligned multi- walled carbon nanotubes, self-standing

Affiliations:
Chen R. - other affiliation
Xue Yafei . - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Xu X. - other affiliation
Yang H. - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Qiu T. - other affiliation
Shui Lingling . - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Wang Xin . - other affiliation
Zhou G. - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
Pidot S. - other affiliation
Hutchison J.A . - other affiliation
Akinoglu E.M. - University of Melbourne (AU)
23.  Gabriele V.R., Mazhabi R.M., Alexander N., Mukherjee P., Seyfried T.N., Nwaji N., Akinoglu E.M., Mackiewicz A., Zhou G., Giersig M., Naughton M.J., Kempa K., Light- and melanin nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity in metastatic cancer cells, Pharmaceutics, ISSN: 1999-4923, DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070965, Vol.13, No.7, pp.965-1-14, 2021

Abstract:
Melanin nanoparticles are known to be biologically benign to human cells for a wide range of concentrations in a high glucose culture nutrition. Here, we show cytotoxic behavior at high nanoparticle and low glucose concentrations, as well as at low nanoparticle concentration under exposure to (nonionizing) visible radiation. To study these effects in detail, we developed highly monodispersed melanin nanoparticles (both uncoated and glucose-coated). In order to study the effect of significant cellular uptake of these nanoparticles, we employed three cancer cell lines: VM-M3, A375 (derived from melanoma), and HeLa, all known to exhibit strong macrophagic character, i.e., strong nanoparticle uptake through phagocytic ingestion. Our main observations are: (i) metastatic VM-M3 cancer cells massively ingest melanin nanoparticles (mNPs); (ii) the observed ingestion is enhanced by coating mNPs with glucose; (iii) after a certain level of mNP ingestion, the metastatic cancer cells studied here are observed to die—glucose coating appears to slow that process; (iv) cells that accumulate mNPs are much more susceptible to killing by laser illumination than cells that do not accumulate mNPs; and (v) non-metastatic VM-NM1 cancer cells also studied in this work do not ingest the mNPs, and remain unaffected after receiving identical optical energy levels and doses. Results of this study could lead to the development of a therapy for control of metastatic stages of cancer.

Keywords:
melanoma, melanin nanoparticles, cytotoxicity, laser medical applications, hyperthermia

Affiliations:
Gabriele V.R. - other affiliation
Mazhabi R.M. - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Alexander N. - other affiliation
Mukherjee P. - other affiliation
Seyfried T.N. - other affiliation
Nwaji N. - other affiliation
Akinoglu E.M. - University of Melbourne (AU)
Mackiewicz A. - other affiliation
Zhou G. - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
Naughton M.J. - other affiliation
Kempa K. - other affiliation
24.  Nwaji N., Akinoglu E.M., Giersig M., Gold nanoparticle-decorated Bi2S3 nanorods and nanoflowers for photocatalytic wastewater treatment, Catalysts, ISSN: 2073-4344, DOI: 10.3390/catal11030355, Vol.11, No.3, pp.355-1-12, 2021

Abstract:
Colloidal synthesis of photocatalysts with potential to overcome the drawback of low photocatalytic efficiency brought by charge recombination and narrow photo-response has been a challenge. Herein, a general and facile colloidal approach to synthesize orthorhombic phase Bi2S3 particles with rod and flower-like morphology is reported. We elucidate the formation and growth process mechanisms of these synthesized nanocrystals in detail and cooperate these Bi2S3 particles with metallic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to construct heterostructured photocatalysts. The unique properties of AuNPs featuring tunable surface plasmon resonance and large field enhancement are used to sensitize the photocatalytic activity of the Bi2S3 semiconductor particles. The morphology, structure, elemental composition, and light absorption ability of the prepared catalysts are characterized by (high-resolution) transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. The catalysts exhibit high and stable photocatalytic activity for the degradation of organic pollutants demonstrated using rhodamine B and methyl orange dyes under solar light irradiation. We show that the incorporation of the AuNPs with the Bi2S3 particles increases the photocatalytic activity 1.2 to 3-fold. Radical trapping analysis indicates that the production of hydroxyl and superoxide radicals are the dominant active species responsible for the photodegradation activity. The photocatalysts exhibit good stability and recyclability.

Keywords:
Bi2S3, nanoflower, nanorod, photocatalysis, heterostructures, AuNPs

Affiliations:
Nwaji N. - other affiliation
Akinoglu E.M. - University of Melbourne (AU)
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
25.  Yang H., Akinoglu E.M., Guo L., Jin M., Zhou G., Giersig M., Shui L., Mulvaney P., A PTFE helical capillary microreactor for the high throughput synthesis of monodisperse silica particles, Chemical Engineering Journal, ISSN: 1385-8947, DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.126063, Vol.401, pp.126063-1-29, 2020

Abstract:
We propose a simple and inexpensive SiO2 submicron particle synthesis method based on a PTFE helical capillary microreactor. The device is based on Dean flow mediated, ultrafast mixing of two liquid phases in a microfluidic spiral pipe. Excellent control of particle size between 100 nm and 600 nm and narrow polydispersity can be achieved by controlling the device and process parameters. Numerical simulations are performed to determine the optimal device dimensions. In the mother liquor the silica particles exhibit zeta potentials < -60 mV, rendering them very stable even at high particle volume fractions. The current device typically produces around 0.234 g/h of the silica particles.

Keywords:
SiO2 particle synthesis, continuous flow synthesis, helical capillary microreactor

Affiliations:
Yang H. - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Akinoglu E.M. - University of Melbourne (AU)
Guo L. - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Jin M. - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Zhou G. - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
Shui L. - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Mulvaney P. - University of Melbourne (AU)
26.  Bozheyev F., Akinoglu E.M., Wu L., Lu H., Nemkayeva R., Xue Y., Jin M., Giersig M., Band gap optimization of tin tungstate thin filmsfor solar water oxidation, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, ISSN: 0360-3199, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.01.126, Vol.45, No.15, pp.8676-8685, 2020

Abstract:
Semiconducting ternary metal oxide thin films exhibit a promising application for solarenergy conversion. However, the efficiency of the conversion is still limited by a band gapof a emiconductor, which determines an obtainable internal photovoltage for solar watersplitting. In this report the tunability of the tin tungstate band gap by O2 partial pressurecontrol in the magnetron co-sputtering process is shown. A deficiency in the Sn concentration increases the optical band gap of tin ungstate thin films. The optimum band gap of 1.7 eV for tin tungstate films is achieved for a Sn to W ratio at unity, which establishes thehighest photoelectrochemical activity. In particular, a maximum photocurrent density of 0.375 mA cm^2 at 1.23 VRHE and the lowest reported onset potential of -0.24 VRHE for SnWO4 thin films without any co-catalyst are achieved. Finally, we demonstrate that a Ni protection layer on the SnWO4 thin film enhances the photoelectrochemical stability, which isof paramount importance for application.

Keywords:
thin film, tin tungstate, reactive magnetron sputtering, photocurrent density, thickness band gap

Affiliations:
Bozheyev F. - other affiliation
Akinoglu E.M. - University of Melbourne (AU)
Wu L. - other affiliation
Lu H. - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Nemkayeva R. - other affiliation
Xue Y. - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Jin M. - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Giersig M. - other affiliation
27.  Szymański T., Mieloch A.A., Richter M., Trzeciak T., Florek E., Rybka J.D., Giersig M., Utilization of carbon nanotubes in manufacturing of 3D cartilage and bone scaffolds, Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma13184039, Vol.13, No.18, pp.4039-1-25, 2020

Abstract:
Cartilage and bone injuries are prevalent ailments, affecting the quality of life of injured patients. Current methods of treatment are often imperfect and pose the risk of complications in the long term. Therefore, tissue engineering is a rapidly developing branch of science, which aims at discovering effective ways of replacing or repairing damaged tissues with the use of scaffolds. However, both cartilage and bone owe their exceptional mechanical properties to their complex ultrastructure, which is very diffcult to reproduce artificially. To address this issue, nanotechnology was employed. One of the most promising nanomaterials in this respect is carbon nanotubes, due to their exceptional physico-chemical properties, which are similar to collagens—the main component of the extracellular matrix of these tissues. This review covers the important aspects of 3D scaffold development and sums up the existing research tackling the challenges of scaffold design. Moreover, carbon nanotubes-reinforced bone and cartilage scaffolds manufactured using the 3D bioprinting technique will be discussed as a novel tool that could facilitate the achievement of more biomimetic structures.

Keywords:
tissue engineering, biomaterials, cartilage, bone, carbon nanotubes, scaffolds, bioprinting

Affiliations:
Szymański T. - Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (PL)
Mieloch A.A. - other affiliation
Richter M. - other affiliation
Trzeciak T. - Poznan University of Medical Sciences (PL)
Florek E. - Poznan University of Medical Sciences (PL)
Rybka J.D. - other affiliation
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
28.  Bozheyev F., Akinoglu E.M., Wu L., Lou S., Giersig M., Effect of Mo-doping in SnO2 thin film photoanodes for water oxidation, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, ISSN: 0360-3199, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.09.050, Vol.45, No.58, pp.33448-33456, 2020

Abstract:
New semiconducting metal oxides of various compositions are of great interest for efficient solar water oxidation. In this report, Mo-doped SnO2 (Mo:SnO2) thin films deposited by reactive magnetron co-sputtering in the Ar and O2 gas environment are studied. The Sn to Mo ratio in the films can be controlled by changing the O2 partial pressure and the deposition power of the Sn and Mo targets. Increasing the Mo concentration in the film leads to the increase in the oxygen vacancy density, which limits the maximum achievable photocurrent density. The thin films exhibit a direct band gap of 2.7 eV, the maximum achievable photocurrent density of 0.6 mA cm^−2 at 0 VRHE and the onset potential of 0.14 VRHE. The incident photon to current transfer (IPCE) efficiency of 22% is shown at a 450 nm wavelength. The initial performance of the Mo:SnO2 thin films is evaluated for solar water oxidation.

Keywords:
Mo:SnO2, thin films, photoanode, photocurrent density, Sn/mo ratio, band gap

Affiliations:
Bozheyev F. - other affiliation
Akinoglu E.M. - University of Melbourne (AU)
Wu L. - other affiliation
Lou S. - other affiliation
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
29.  Akinoglu E.M., Luo L., Dodge T., Guo L., Akinoglu G.E., Wang X., Shui L., Zhou G., Naughton M.J., Kempa K., Giersig M., Extraordinary optical transmission in nano-bridged plasmonic arrays mimicking a stable weakly-connected percolation threshold, OPTICS EXPRESS, ISSN: 1094-4087, DOI: 10.1364/OE.403034, Vol.28, No.21, pp.31425-31435, 2020

Abstract:
Ultrasensitive sensors of various physical properties can be based on percolation systems, e.g., insulating media filled with nearly touching conducting particles. Such a system at its percolation threshold featuring the critical particle concentration, changes drastically its response (electrical conduction, light transmission, etc.) when subjected to an external stimulus. Due to the critical nature of this threshold, a given state at the threshold is typically very unstable. However, stability can be restored without significantly sacrificing the structure sensitivity by forming weak connections between the conducting particles. In this work, we employed nano-bridged nanosphere lithography to produce such a weakly connected percolation system. It consists of two coupled quasi-Babinet complementary arrays, one with weakly connected, and the other with disconnected metallic islands. We demonstrate via experiment and simulation that the physics of this plasmonic system is non-trivial, and leads to the extraordinary optical transmission at narrowly defined peaks sensitive to system parameters, with surface plasmons mediating this process. Thus, our system is a potential candidate for percolation effect based sensor applications. Promising detection schemes could be based on these effects.

Affiliations:
Akinoglu E.M. - University of Melbourne (AU)
Luo L. - other affiliation
Dodge T. - other affiliation
Guo L. - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Akinoglu G.E. - other affiliation
Wang X. - other affiliation
Shui L. - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Zhou G. - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Naughton M.J. - other affiliation
Kempa K. - other affiliation
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
30.  Mieloch A.A., Żurawek M., Giersig M., Rozwadowska N., Rybka J.D., Bioevaluation of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) functionalized with dihexadecyl phosphate (DHP), Scientific Reports, ISSN: 2045-2322, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59478-2, Vol.10, pp.2725-1-11, 2020

Abstract:
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been investigated for wide variety of applications. Their unique properties render them highly applicable as MRI contrast agents, in magnetic hyperthermia or targeted drug delivery. SPIONs surface properties affect a whole array of parameters such as: solubility, toxicity, stability, biodistribution etc. Therefore, progress in the field of SPIONs surface functionalization is crucial for further development of therapeutic or diagnostic agents. In this study, SPIONs were synthesized by thermal decomposition of iron (III) acetylacetonate Fe(acac)3 and functionalized with dihexadecyl phosphate (DHP) via phase transfer. Bioactivity of the SPION-DHP was assessed on SW1353 and TCam-2 cancer derived cell lines. The following test were conducted: cytotoxicity and proliferation assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, SPIONs uptake (via Iron Staining and ICP-MS), expression analysis of the following genes: alkaline phosphatase (ALPL); ferritin light chain (FTL); serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A); protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 11 (PTPN11); transferrin receptor 1 (TFRC) via RT-qPCR. SPION-DHP nanoparticles were successfully obtained and did not reveal significant cytotoxicity in the range of tested concentrations. ROS generation was elevated, however not correlated with the concentrations. Gene expression profile was slightly altered only in SW1353 cells.

Affiliations:
Mieloch A.A. - other affiliation
Żurawek M. - other affiliation
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
Rozwadowska N. - other affiliation
Rybka J.D. - other affiliation
31.  Gabriele V.R., Shvonski A., Hoffman C.S., Giersig M., Herczyński A., Naughton M.J., Kempa K., Towards spectrally selective catastrophic response, PHYSICAL REVIEW E, ISSN: 2470-0045, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.101.062415, Vol.101, pp.062415-1-6, 2020

Abstract:
We study the large-amplitude response of classical molecules to electromagnetic radiation, showing the universality of the transition from linear to nonlinear response and breakup at sufficiently large amplitudes. We demonstrate that a range of models, from the simple harmonic oscillator to the successful Peyrard-Bishop-Dauxois type models of DNA, which include realistic effects of the environment (including damping and dephasing due to thermal fluctuations), lead to characteristic universal behavior: formation of domains of dissociation in driving force amplitude-frequency space, characterized by the presence of local boundary minima. We demonstrate that by simply following the progression of the resonance maxima in this space, while gradually increasing intensity of the radiation, one must necessarily arrive at one of these minima, i.e., a point where the ultrahigh spectral selectivity is retained. We show that this universal property, applicable to other oscillatory systems, is a consequence of the fact that these models belong to the fold catastrophe universality class of Thom's catastrophe theory. This in turn implies that for most biostructures, including DNA, high spectral sensitivity near the onset of the denaturation processes can be expected. Such spectrally selective molecular denaturation could find important applications in biology and medicine.

Affiliations:
Gabriele V.R. - other affiliation
Shvonski A. - other affiliation
Hoffman C.S. - other affiliation
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
Herczyński A. - other affiliation
Naughton M.J. - other affiliation
Kempa K. - other affiliation
32.  Luo L., Akinoglu E.M., Wu W., Dodge T., Wang X., Zhou G., Naughton M.J., Kempa K., Giersig M., Nano-bridged nanosphere lithography, NANOTECHNOLOGY, ISSN: 0957-4484, DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab7c4c, Vol.31, pp.245302-1-6, 2020

Abstract:
We develop nano-bridged nanosphere lithography (NB-NSL), a modification to the widely used conventional nanosphere lithography (NSL). Nano-bridges between polystyrene (PS) spheres of a pristine NSL template are controllably formed in a two-step process: (i) spin-coating of a dilute styrene solution on top of the template, followed by (ii) oxygen plasma etching of the template. We show that the nanobridge dimensions can be precisely tuned by controlling the pre-processing conditions and the plasma etching time. The resulting lithography templates feature control over the shape and size of the apertures, which determine the morphology of the final nano-island arrays after material deposition and template removal. The unique advantage of NB-NSL is that PS particle templates based on a single PS particle diameter can be utilized for the fabrication of a variation of nano-island shapes and sizes, whereas conventional NSL yields only bowtie-shaped nano-islands, with their size being predetermined by the PS particle diameter of the template.

Keywords:
nanofabrication, nanosphere lithography, colloid lithography

Affiliations:
Luo L. - other affiliation
Akinoglu E.M. - University of Melbourne (AU)
Wu W. - other affiliation
Dodge T. - other affiliation
Wang X. - other affiliation
Zhou G. - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Naughton M.J. - other affiliation
Kempa K. - other affiliation
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
33.  Szyszka K., Rewak-Soroczyńska J., Dorotkiewicz-Jach A., Ledwa K.A., Piecuch A., Giersig M., Drulis-Kawa Z., Wiglusz R.J., Structural modification of nanohydroxyapatite Ca 10(PO 4) 6(OH) 2 related to Eu 3+ and Sr 2+ ions doping and its spectroscopic and antimicrobial properties, Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, ISSN: 0162-0134, DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110884, Vol.203, pp.110884-1-11, 2020

Abstract:
The Eu3+ and Sr2+ ions co-doped hydroxyapatite nanopowders (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) were synthesized via a precipitation method and post heat-treated at 500 °C. The concentration of Eu3+ ions was established in the range of 0.5–5 mol% to investigate the site occupancy preference. The concentration of Sr2+ ions was set at 5 mol%. The structural and morphological properties of the obtained materials were studied by an X-ray powder diffraction, a transmission electron microscopy techniques and infrared spectroscopy. As synthesized nanoparticles were in the range of 11–17 nm and annealed particles were in the range of 20–26 nm. The luminescence properties in dependence of the dopant concentration and applied temperature were investigated. The 5D0 → 7F0 transition shown the abnormally strong intensity for annealed materials connected with the increase of covalency character of Eu3+–O2− bond, which arise as an effect of charge compensation mechanism. The Eu3+ ions occupied three possible crystallographic sites in these materials revealed in emission spectra: one Ca(1) site with C3 symmetry and two Ca(2) sites with Cs symmetry arranged as cis and trans symmetry. The antibacterial properties of Eu3+ and Sr2+ ions doped and co-doped hydroxyapatite nanopowders were also determined against Gram-negative pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Obtained results suggest that both europium and strontium ions may implement antibacterial properties for hydroxyapatites. In the most cases, better antibacterial effect we noticed for dopants at 5 mol% ratio. However, the effect is strongly species- and strain-dependent feature.

Keywords:
spectroscopy, apatite, biomaterial, europium, strontium, antibacterial activity

Affiliations:
Szyszka K. - other affiliation
Rewak-Soroczyńska J. - other affiliation
Dorotkiewicz-Jach A. - other affiliation
Ledwa K.A. - other affiliation
Piecuch A. - other affiliation
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
Drulis-Kawa Z. - other affiliation
Wiglusz R.J. - other affiliation
34.  Feng K., Akinoglu E.M., Bozheyev F., Guo L., Jin M., Wang X., Zhou G., Naughton M.J., Giersig M., Magnetron sputtered copper bismuth oxide photocathodes for solar water reduction, JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS, ISSN: 0022-3727, DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/abaf25, Vol.53, pp.495501-1-11, 2020

Abstract:
There is an urgent need for new materials that can catalyze or drive the photoelectrochemical (PEC) conversion of solar energy into chemical energy, i.e. solar fuels. Copper bismuth oxide (CBO) is a promising photocathode material for the photochemical reduction of water. Here, we systematically control the stoichiometry of CBO thin films prepared by reactive, direct-current magnetron co-sputtering from metallic Bi and Cu targets. The intrinsic photophysical and PEC material properties are investigated and evaluated in order to determine the optimum composition for hydrogen formation. Changing the stoichiometry of the films reveals a dramatic change in the optical band gap and crystal structure of CBO. The largest photocurrent density was achieved for a copper-to-bismuth ion ratio of 0.53, close to the CuBi2O4 stoichiometry, which yielded Jph = − 0.48 mA cm^−2 at 0 VRHE (RHE = reversible hydrogen electrode). This is the highest value to date for the photochemical reduction of water with CuBi2O4 without an externally applied bias. The absorbed photon-to-current efficiency and the photostability of the films in neutral and alkaline electrolytes were also investigated.

Keywords:
CuBi2O4, copper bismuth oxide, water reduction, water splitting, photocathode, magnetron sputtering

Affiliations:
Feng K. - other affiliation
Akinoglu E.M. - University of Melbourne (AU)
Bozheyev F. - other affiliation
Guo L. - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Jin M. - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Wang X. - other affiliation
Zhou G. - South China Normal Universit (CN)
Naughton M.J. - other affiliation
Giersig M. - IPPT PAN
35.  Kucharczyk K., Rybka J.D., Hilgendorff M., Krupinski M., Slachcinski M., Mackiewicz A., Giersig M., Dams-Kozlowska H., Composite spheres made of bioengineered spider silk and iron oxide nanoparticles for theranostics applications, PLOS ONE, ISSN: 1932-6203, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219790, Vol.14, No.7, pp. e0219790-1-20, 2019

Abstract:
Bioengineered spider silk is a biomaterial that has exquisite mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Iron oxide nanoparticles can be applied for the detection and analysis of biomolecules, target drug delivery, as MRI contrast agents and as therapeutic agents for hyperthermia-based cancer treatments. In this study, we investigated three bioengineered silks, MS1, MS2 and EMS2, and their potential to form a composite material with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). The presence of IONPs did not impede the self-assembly properties of MS1, MS2, and EMS2 silks, and spheres formed. The EMS2 spheres had the highest content of IONPs, and the presence of magnetite IONPs in these carriers was confirmed by several methods such as SEM, EDXS, SQUID, MIP-OES and zeta potential measurement. The interaction of EMS2 and IONPs did not modify the superparamagnetic properties of the IONPs, but it influenced the secondary structure of the spheres. The composite particles exhibited a more than two-fold higher loading efficiency for doxorubicin than the plain EMS2 spheres. For both the EMS2 and EMS2/IONP spheres, the drug revealed a pH-dependent release profile with advantageous kinetics for carriers made of the composite material. The composite spheres can be potentially applied for a combined cancer treatment via hyperthermia and drug delivery.

Affiliations:
Kucharczyk K. - other affiliation
Rybka J.D. - other affiliation
Hilgendorff M. - other affiliation
Krupinski M. - other affiliation
Slachcinski M. - other affiliation
Mackiewicz A. - other affiliation
Giersig M. - other affiliation
Dams-Kozlowska H. - other affiliation
36.  Rybka J.D., Mieloch A.A., Plis A., Pyrski M., Pniewski T., Giersig M., Assembly and characterization of HBc derived virus-like particles with magnetic core, Nanomaterials, ISSN: 2079-4991, DOI: 10.3390/nano9020155, Vol.9, No.2, pp.155-1-11, 2019

Abstract:
Core-virus like particles (VLPs) assembly is a kinetically complex cascade of interactions between viral proteins, nanoparticle's surface and an ionic environment. Despite many in silico simulations regarding this process, there is still a lack of experimental data. The main goal of this study was to investigate the capsid protein of hepatitis B virus (HBc) assembly into virus-like particles with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) as a magnetic core in relation to their characteristics. The native form of HBc was obtained via agroinfection of Nicotiana benthamiana with pEAQ-HBc plasmid. SPIONs of diameter of 15 nm were synthesized and functionalized with two ligands, providing variety in ζ-potential and hydrodynamic diameter. The antigenic potential of the assembled core-VLPs was assessed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Morphology of SPIONs and core-VLPs was evaluated via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The most successful core-VLPs assembly was obtained for SPIONs functionalized with dihexadecyl phosphate (DHP) at SPIONs/HBc ratio of 0.2/0.05 mg/mL. ELISA results indicate significant decrease of antigenicity concomitant with core-VLPs assembly. In summary, this study provides an experimental assessment of the crucial parameters guiding SPION-HBc VLPs assembly and evaluates the antigenicity of the obtained structures.

Keywords:
virus-like particles, VLPs, hepatitis B virus capsid protein, HBc, viral self-assembly, magnetic core, HBcAg

Affiliations:
Rybka J.D. - other affiliation
Mieloch A.A. - other affiliation
Plis A. - other affiliation
Pyrski M. - other affiliation
Pniewski T. - other affiliation
Giersig M. - other affiliation
37.  Akinoglu G.E., Akinoglu E.M., Kempa K., Giersig M., Plasmon resonances in coupled Babinet complementary arrays in the mid-infrared range, OPTICS EXPRESS, ISSN: 1094-4087, DOI: 10.1364/OE.27.022939, Vol.27, No.16, pp.22939-22950, 2019

Abstract:
A plasmonic structure with transmission highly tunable in the mid-infrared spectra range is developed. This structure consists of a hexagonal array of metallic discs located on top of silicon pillars protruding through holes in a metallic Babinet complementary film. We reveal with FDTD simulations that changing the hole diameter tunes the main plasmonic resonance frequency of this structure throughout the infrared range. Due to the underlying Babinet physics of these coupled arrays, the spectral width of these plasmonic resonances is strongly reduced, and the higher harmonics are suppressed. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this structure can be easily produced by a combination of the nanosphere lithography and the metal-assisted chemical etching technique.

Affiliations:
Akinoglu G.E. - other affiliation
Akinoglu E.M. - University of Melbourne (AU)
Kempa K. - other affiliation
Giersig M. - other affiliation
38.  Brinkert K., Akay Ö., Richter M.H., Liedtke J., Fountaine K.T., Lewerenz H-J., Giersig M., Experimental methods for efficient solar hydrogen production in microgravity environment, Journal of Visualized Experiments, ISSN: 1940-087X, DOI: 10.3791/59122, Vol.154, pp.e59122-1-9, 2019

Abstract:
Long-term space flights and cis-lunar research platforms require a sustainable and light life-support hardware which can be reliably employed outside the Earth's atmosphere. So-called 'solar fuel' devices, currently developed for terrestrial applications in the quest for realizing a sustainable energy economy on Earth, provide promising alternative systems to existing air-revitalization units employed on the International Space Station (ISS) through photoelectrochemical water-splitting and hydrogen production. One obstacle for water (photo-) electrolysis in reduced gravity environments is the absence of buoyancy and the consequential, hindered gas bubble release from the electrode surface. This causes the formation of gas bubble froth layers in proximity to the electrode surface, leading to an increase in ohmic resistance and cell-efficiency loss due to reduced mass transfer of substrates and products to and from the electrode. Recently, we have demonstrated efficient solar hydrogen production in microgravity environment, using an integrated semiconductor-electrocatalyst system with p-type indium phosphide as the light-absorber and a rhodium electrocatalyst. By nanostructuring the electrocatalyst using shadow nanosphere lithography and thereby creating catalytic 'hot spots' on the photoelectrode surface, we could overcome gas bubble coalescence and mass transfer limitations and demonstrated efficient hydrogen production at high current densities in reduced gravitation. Here, the experimental details are described for the preparations of these nanostructured devices and further on, the procedure for their testing in microgravity environment, realized at the Bremen Drop Tower during 9.3 s of free fall.

Keywords:
chemistry, issue 154, solar fuels, hydrogen, microgravity, photoelectrocatalysis, drop tower, shadow nanosphere lithography, semiconductor-electrocatalyst systems

Affiliations:
Brinkert K. - University of Warwick (GB)
Akay Ö. - other affiliation
Richter M.H. - other affiliation
Liedtke J. - other affiliation
Fountaine K.T. - other affiliation
Lewerenz H-J. - other affiliation
Giersig M. - other affiliation
39.  Henglein A., Giersig M., Formation of colloidal silver nanoparticles: capping action of citrate, JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B, ISSN: 1520-6106, DOI: 10.1021/jp9925334, Vol.103, pp.9533-9539, 1999

Abstract:
Colloidal silver sols of long-time stability are formed in the γ-irradiation of 1.0 x 10^-4 M AgClO4 solutions, which also contain 0.3 M 2-propanol, 2.5 x 10^-2 M N2O, and sodium citrate in various concentrations. The reduction of Ag+ in these solutions is brought about by the 1-hydroxyalkyl radical generated in the radiolysis of 2-propanol; citrate does not act as a reductant but solely as a stabilizer of the colloidal particles formed. Its concentration is varied in the range from 5.0 x 10^-5 to 1.5 x 10^-3 M, and the size and size distribution of the silver particles are studied by electron microscopy. At low citrate concentration, partly agglomerated large particles are formed that have many imperfections. In an intermediate range (a few 10^-4 M), wellseparated particles with a rather narrow size distribution and little imperfections are formed, the size slightly decreasing with increasing citrate concentration. At high citrate concentrations, large lumps of coalesced silver particles are present, due to destabilization by the high ionic strength of the solution. These findings are explained by two growth mechanisms: condensation of small silver clusters (type-I growth), and reduction of Ag+ on silver particles via radical-to-particle electron transfer (type-II growth). The particles formed in the intermediate range of citrate concentration were studied by high-resolution electron microscopy and computer simulations. They constitute icosahedra and cuboctahedra.

Affiliations:
Henglein A. - other affiliation
Giersig M. - other affiliation
40.  Liz-Marzán L.M., Giersig M., Mulvaney P., Synthesis of nanosized gold-silica core-shell particles, LANGMUIR, ISSN: 0743-7463, DOI: 10.1021/la9601871, Vol.12, No.18, pp.4329-4335, 1996

Abstract:
Gold colloids have been homogeneously coated with silica using the silane coupling agent (3-aminopropyl)- trimethoxysilane as a primer to render the gold surface vitreophilic. After the formation of a thin silica layer in aqueous solution, the particles can be transferred into ethanol for further growth using the Stöber method. The thickness of the silica layer can be completely controlled, and (after surface modification) the particles can be transferred into practically any solvent. Varying the silica shell thickness and the refractive index of the solvent allows control over the optical properties of the dispersions. The optical spectra of the coated particles are in good agreement with calculations using Mie's theory for core-shell particles.

Affiliations:
Liz-Marzán L.M. - other affiliation
Giersig M. - other affiliation
Mulvaney P. - University of Melbourne (AU)
41.  Vossmeyer T., Katsikas L., Giersig M., Popovic G., Diesner K., Chemseddine A., Eychmüller A., Weller H., CdS nanoclusters: synthesis, characterization, size dependent oscillator strength, temperature shift of the excitonic transition energy, and reversible absorbance shift, JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B, ISSN: 1520-6106, DOI: 10.1021/j100082a044, Vol.98, No.31, pp.7665-7673, 1994

Abstract:
Improved synthetic routes and size-selective precipitation have enabled the preparation of almost monodisperse CdS clusters. Six samples of 1-thioglycerol stabilized clusters with diameters of approximately 13,14,16,19, 23, and 39 A have been prepared as fully redispersible powders and were characterized by elemental analysis, powder X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and UV-vis spectroscopy. Smallangle X-ray scattering was used to determine the mean cluster size. The well-structured UV-vis spectra reveal that the size-dependent shift of the 1s-1s excitonic transition is in agreement with the tight-binding theory and the pseudopotential theory. Moreover, as expected by quantum mechanical calculations the oscillator strength of the transition increases proportional to 1/r^3. UV-vis spectra taken at various temperatures between 4 and 295 K have shown that the temperature shift of the excitonic transition energy becomes stronger with decreasing particle size. Strong, reversible absorbance shifts were observed, upon transferring the clusters from their solutions onto quartz plates and vice versa.

Affiliations:
Vossmeyer T. - other affiliation
Katsikas L. - other affiliation
Giersig M. - other affiliation
Popovic G. - other affiliation
Diesner K. - other affiliation
Chemseddine A. - other affiliation
Eychmüller A. - other affiliation
Weller H. - other affiliation
42.  Giersig M., Mulvaney P., Preparation of ordered colloid monolayers by electrophoretic deposition, LANGMUIR, ISSN: 0743-7463, DOI: 10.1021/la00036a014, Vol.9, No.12, pp.3408-3413, 1993

Abstract:
Citrate- and alkanethiol-stabilized gold colloids have been electrophoretically deposited onto carboncoated copper grids. The colloid particles form ordered monolayers, and the core-to-core interparticle spacing is determined by the size of the alkane chains on the stabilizers used in the preparation of the sols. In the case of longer alkane chains, some interpenetration of the chains occurs when the gold particles form monolayers. When the gold sols are stabilized by sodium 3-thiopropionate, they can be reversibly coagulated and peptized by cycling the pH between 3 and 7. The method has also been used to form ordered monolayers and bilayers of latex particles.

Affiliations:
Giersig M. - other affiliation
Mulvaney P. - University of Melbourne (AU)

Conference abstracts
1.  Nowak Z., Giersig M., The epoxy resin nanocomposite: Effect of micro-shear bands on mechanical behaviour, WWFSI, 11th Wdzydzeanum Conference on Fluid-Solid Interaction, 2023-09-03/09-07, Wdzydze Kiszewskie (PL), pp.19-19, 2023
2.  Nowak Z., Giersig M., Zastosowanie teorii lepkoplastycznego płynięcia ciał stałych wywołane pasmami ścinania do opisu nanopolimerów, XIII Konferencja Naukowa PLASTMET 2023, 2023-11-07/11-10, Łańcut (PL), pp.119-120, 2023
3.  Giersig M., SPECIFIC PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS AND THEIR POTENTIAL IN TECHNICAL APPLICATIONS, CMM-SolMech 2022, 24th International Conference on Computer Methods in Mechanics; 42nd Solid Mechanics Conference, 2022-09-05/09-08, Świnoujście (PL), No.306, pp.1-1, 2022
4.  Wilczewski S., Nowak Z., Pęcherski R., Giersig M., A NEW CONCEPT OF EPOXY RESIN COMPOSITE DOPED WITH CARBON-BASED NANOPARTICLES: MANUFACTURING, EXPERIMENT AND MODELING, CMM-SolMech 2022, 24th International Conference on Computer Methods in Mechanics; 42nd Solid Mechanics Conference, 2022-09-05/09-08, Świnoujście (PL), No.185, pp.1-1, 2022
5.  Nowak Z., Giersig M., Pęcherski R.B., Badania doświadczalne deformowanych quasi-statycznie żywic epoksydowych, PLASTMET 2021, XII Konferencja Naukowa, Zintegrowane Studia Podstaw Deformacji Plastycznej Metali, 2021-11-23/11-26, Łańcut (PL), No.1, pp.132-133, 2021

Patents
Filing No./Date
Filing Publication
Autors
Title
Protection Area, Applicant Name
Patent Number
Date of Grant
pdf
443206
2022-12-20
-
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Giersig M., Wilczewski S., Pokorska-Służalec I., Osial M.
Nanowypełniacz do zaczynów cementowych i betonu na bazie wielowymiarowych nanostruktur węglowych, sposób jego wytwarzania, nanokompozyt, konstrukcja, kompozycja zaczynu zawierająca nanowypełniacz oraz sposoby ich wytwarzania i ich zastosowania
PL, Instytut Podstawowych Problemów Techniki PAN
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-
443177
2022-12-19
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Osial M., Pietrzyk P., Giersig M., Pręgowska A., Wilczewski S.
Sposób wytwarzania cieczy magnetoreologicznej i wytworzona nim ciecz magnetoreologiczna
PL, Instytut Podstawowych Problemów Techniki PAN
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-
-

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