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Abstract:
A multi-center study has been set up to accurately characterize the optical properties of diffusive liquid phantoms based on Intralipid and India ink at near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths. Nine research laboratories from six countries adopting different measurement techniques, instrumental set-ups, and data analysis methods determined at their best the optical properties and relative uncertainties of diffusive dilutions prepared with common samples of the two compounds. By exploiting a suitable statistical model, comprehensive reference values at three NIR wavelengths for the intrinsic absorption coefficient of India ink and the intrinsic reduced scattering coefficient of Intralipid-20% were determined with an uncertainty of about 2% or better, depending on the wavelength considered, and 1%, respectively. Even if in this study we focused on particular batches of India ink and Intralipid, the reference values determined here represent a solid and useful starting point for preparing diffusive liquid phantoms with accurately defined optical properties. Furthermore, due to the ready availability, low cost, long-term stability and batch-to-batch reproducibility of these compounds, they provide a unique fundamental tool for the calibration and performance assessment of diffuse optical spectroscopy instrumentation intended to be used in laboratory or clinical environment. Finally, the collaborative work presented here demonstrates that the accuracy level attained in this work for optical properties of diffusive phantoms is reliable.

Abstract:
The nEUROPt protocol is one of two new protocols developed within the European project nEUROPt to characterize the performances of time-domain systems for optical imaging of the brain. It was applied in joint measurement campaigns to compare the various instruments and to assess the impact of technical improvements. This protocol addresses the characteristic of optical brain imaging to detect, localize, and quantify absorption changes in the brain. It was implemented with two types of inhomogeneous liquid phantoms based on Intralipid and India ink with well-defined optical properties. First, small black inclusions were used to mimic localized changes of the absorption coefficient. The position of the inclusions was varied in depth and lateral direction to investigate contrast and spatial resolution. Second, two-layered liquid phantoms with variable absorption coefficients were employed to study the quantification of layer-wide changes and, in particular, to determine depth selectivity, i.e., the ratio of sensitivities for deep and superficial absorption changes. We introduce the tests of the nEUROPt protocol and present examples of results obtained with different instruments and methods of data analysis. This protocol could be a useful step toward performance tests for future standards in diffuse optical imaging.

Abstract:
Optical technique based on diffuse reflectance measurement combined with indocyanine green (ICG) bolus tracking is extensively tested as a method for clinical assessment of brain perfusion in adults at the bedside. Methodology of multiwavelength and time-resolved detection of fluorescence light excited in the ICG is presented and advantages of measurements at multiple wavelengths are discussed. Measurements were carried out: 1. on a physical homogeneous phantom to study the concentration dependence of the fluorescence signal, 2. on the phantom to simulate the dynamic inflow of ICG at different depths, and 3. in vivo on surface of the human head. Pattern of inflow and washout of ICG in the head of healthy volunteers after intravenous injection of the dye was observed for the first time with time-resolved instrumentation at multiple emission wavelengths. The multiwavelength detection of fluorescence signal confirms that at longer emission wavelengths, probability of reabsorption of the fluorescence light by the dye itself is reduced. Considering different light penetration depths at different wavelengths, and the pronounced reabsorption at longer wavelengths, the time-resolved multiwavelength technique may be useful in signal decomposition, leading to evaluation of extra- and intracerebral components of the measured signals

Keywords:
indocyanine green bolus, near-infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence, time-resolved spectra, multiwavelength detection

Abstract:
It was reported that time-resolved reflectance measurements carried out during inflow and washout of an optical contrast agent may provide information on the blood supply to the brain cortex of human adults. It was also shown that a measurement of fluorescence excited in the dye circulating in the brain is feasible. Unfortunately, patterns of time-resolved fluorescence signals observed during in vivo measurements are difficult to interpret. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of several factors on the fluorescence signals measured during in vivo experiments. A laboratory instrument for recording the distributions of arrival of fluorescence photons was constructed and optimized for measurements on humans. Monte Carlo simulations and laboratory measurements on liquid phantoms as well as in vivo measurements on healthy volunteers were carried out. An influence of source–detector separation, position of the source–detector pair on the head, as well as a dose of the injected indocyanine green (ICG) on the fluorescence signals were studied in detail. It was shown that even for a small dose of ICG (0.025 mg kg−1) the time-resolved signals can be successfully detected on the surface of the head. Strong influence of the studied factors on the fluorescence signals was observed. It was also noted that the changes in moments of distributions of arrival times of fluorescence photons depend on the anatomical structure of the tissues located between the source and the detector.

Abstract:
A time-gated intensified CCD camera was applied for time-resolved imaging of light penetrating in an optically turbid medium. Spatial distributions of light penetration probability in the plane perpendicular to the axes of the source and the detector were determined at different source positions. Furthermore, visiting probability profiles of diffuse reflectance measurement were obtained by the convolution of the light penetration distributions recorded at different source positions. Experiments were carried out on homogeneous phantoms, more realistic two-layered tissue phantoms based on the human skull filled with Intralipid–ink solution and on cadavers. It was noted that the photons visiting probability profiles depend strongly on the source–detector separation, the delay between the laser pulse and the photons collection window and the complex tissue composition of the human head

Abstract:
The near infrared spectroscopy may be implemented using various optoelectronic techniques, however, most of them do notallow to carry out measurements at short source−detector separation. We propose a method, based on time−gated intensifiedCCD camera, which allows for contactless measurements and can be carried out at short source−detector separation. This technique was tested on a phantom with absorbing inclusions buried in an optically turbid medium which mimics localchanges in oxygenation of the brain tissue

Keywords:
time−resolved NIRS, time−gated intensified CCD camera, short source−detector separation