1. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Jaskulski R.♦, Dziedzic K., Brachaczek A., Jarząbek D.♦, Initial Characteristics of Alkali–Silica Reaction Products in Mortar Containing Low-Purity Calcined Clay,
Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma17102207, Vol.17, No.10, pp.1-15, 2024Abstract: An alkali–silica reaction (ASR) is a chemical process that leads to the formation of an expansive gel, potentially causing durability issues in concrete structures. This article investigates the properties and behaviour of ASR products in mortar with the addition of low-purity calcined clay as an additional material. This study includes an evaluation of the expansion and microstructural characteristics of the mortar, as well as an analysis of the formation and behaviour of ASR products with different contents of calcined clay. Expansion tests of the mortar beam specimens were conducted according to ASTM C1567, and a detailed microscopic analysis of the reaction products was performed. Additionally, their mechanical properties were determined using nanoindentation. This study reveals that with an increasing calcined clay content, the amount of the crystalline form of the ASR gel decreases, while the nanohardness increases. The Young’s modulus of the amorphous ASR products ranged from 5 to 12 GPa, while the nanohardness ranged from 0.41 to 0.67 GPa. The obtained results contribute to a better understanding of how the incorporation of low-purity calcined clay influences the ASR in mortar, providing valuable insights into developing sustainable and durable building materials for the construction industry. Keywords: alkali–silica reaction, ASR products, calcined clay, mortar, expansion Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Jaskulski R. | - | other affiliation | Dziedzic K. | - | IPPT PAN | Brachaczek A. | - | IPPT PAN | Jarząbek D. | - | other affiliation |
| |
2. |
Dąbrowski M., Brachaczek A., Bogusz K., Glinicki M.A., Experimental assessment of appropriate time for aggregate exposure at the surface of cement concrete pavement,
International Journal of Pavement Engineering, ISSN: 1029-8436, DOI: 10.1080/10298436.2024.2318607, Vol.25, No.1, pp.1-12, 2024Abstract: Exposed aggregate concrete (EAC) pavement is a commonly employed technology in Europe for the construction of highways. The technical challenges associated with pavement construction include achieving both a comfortable ride and the desired skid resistance, while ensuring the long-term concrete durability. Maintaining uniformity of concrete mix, precise dosing of retarding agents, optimal selection of brushing time, and ensuring adequate curing conditions are identified as critical factors for achieving the designed ride performance. This study is focused on determining the appropriate time for the brushing operation, conducted to expose aggregate grains at the surface of the pavement. Laboratory tests were performed on concrete mixes designed to replicate job mixes for the upper layer of a two-layer concrete pavement. Measurements of the mass of evaporated water from the cement paste, isothermal calorimetry tests, and modified Vicat tests were employed to predict the appropriate brushing time. The texture depth was determined using a laser profiler as a function of brushing time. Compressive strength, the rate of chloride ion migration, and scaling resistance were determined through tests conducted on specimens cut from exposed aggregate slabs. Results revealed the suitability of the developed test method for determining the appropriate time for brushing EAC pavements. Keywords: cement setting, exposed aggregate concrete, macrotexture, pavement durability, surface retarder, texturing technology Affiliations:
Dąbrowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Brachaczek A. | - | IPPT PAN | Bogusz K. | - | IPPT PAN | Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN |
| |
3. |
Antolik A., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., ASR induced by chloride- and formate-based deicers in concrete with non-reactive aggregates,
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS, ISSN: 0950-0618, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132811, Vol.400, No.132811, pp.1-13, 2023Abstract: Despite ongoing efforts to prevent the damaging effects of alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in concrete structures, this phenomenon still exists and causes significant degradation. This study aims to investigate the role of various deicing agents in provoking ASR by examining volume expansion, cracks, and microstructure of mortar and concrete containing aggregates identified as non-reactive by standard ASR test methods. To achieve this, the concrete specimens undergo simulated operating conditions testing to induce ASR expansion, with an external supply of alkali from chloride- and formate-based deicers. The findings suggest that the configuration and concentration of the deicing agent used, as well as the mineral composition of the aggregate that was previously identified as non-reactive, can significantly impact the expansion and damage caused by ASR. The results indicate that existing methods for testing aggregates for ASR may have limitations when formate-based agents are used. Keywords: Alkali-silica reaction, Concrete, Aggregate, Expansion, Deicing agents, Microscopy Affiliations:
Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN |
| |
4. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Jaskulski R.♦, Dziedzic K., Antolik A., Dąbrowski M., Influence of Calcination Temperature and Amount of Low-Grade Clay Replacement on Mitigation of the Alkali–Silica Reaction,
Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma16083210, Vol.16, No.8, pp.3210-1-3210-13, 2023Abstract: Results of experimental investigation on the mitigation of alkali–silica reaction (ASR) by low-grade calcined clay are presented. Domestic clay with an Al2O3 content equal to 26% and SiO2—58% was used. The calcination temperatures were as follows: 650 °C, 750 °C, 850 °C and 950 °C, which were chosen much more widely than presented in previous studies. Pozzolanity of the raw and calcined clay was determined with the Fratini test. The performance of calcined clay to mitigate ASR was evaluated according to ASTM C1567 using reactive aggregates. A control mortar mixture was prepared with 100% Portland cement (Na2Oeq = 1.12%) as a binder with reactive aggregate, and test mixtures were made with 10% and 20% of calcined clay as a cement replacement. The microstructure of the specimens was observed on the polished sections using scanning electron microscope (SEM) operated in backscattered mode (BSE). The results of expansion of mortar bars with reactive aggregate showed that replacing cement with calcined clay reduced the expansion of the mortar bars. The greater the cement replacement, the better results in terms of ASR mitigation. However, the influence of the calcination temperature was not as clear. The opposite trend was found with the use of 10% or 20% calcined clay. Keywords: alkali–silica reaction (ASR), expansion, low grade calcined clay, mitigation, Fratini test, microscopic analysis Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Jaskulski R. | - | other affiliation | Dziedzic K. | - | IPPT PAN | Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN | Dąbrowski M. | - | IPPT PAN |
| |
5. |
Antolik A., Dąbrowski M., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Petrographic Evaluation of Aggregate from Igneous Rocks: Alkali–Silica Reaction Potential,
Minerals, ISSN: 2075-163X, DOI: 10.3390/min13081004, Vol.13, No.8, pp.1-14, 2023Abstract: A thorough petrographic evaluation of aggregates from igneous rocks in terms of their alkali–silica reaction (ASR) potential is crucial in ensuring the durability and long-term performance of concrete structures, especially those where access to additional alkalis is possible, such as from de-icing agents. The aim of the research was to assess the potential reactivity of aggregates from igneous rocks, as only such aggregates are used for concrete airport pavements in Poland. Petrographic analysis was conducted to identify the reactive minerals in the aggregate, and it was extended by quantitative image analysis. The strained, microcrystalline and cryptocrystalline quartz were found to be reactive components but significantly differed in content. It was found that aggregates from igneous rocks were characterized by different susceptibility to ASR and that methods to mitigate the occurrence of ASR should be considered to be used in airfield concrete. A relationship between the content of analyzed reactive minerals and the expansion of mortar bars in AMBT, as well as of the concrete prism in the CPT method, was revealed. Keywords: igneous rocks, granite aggregate, mineral composition, thin sections, digital image analysis, petrographic analysis, alkali–silica reaction, concrete durability Affiliations:
Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN | Dąbrowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN |
| |
6. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Jaskulski R.♦, Dziedzic K., Antolik A., Effect of Low-Quality Calcined Clay on the Suppression of the Alkali–Silica Reaction,
Materials Proceedings, ISSN: 2673-4605, DOI: 10.3390/materproc2023013015, Vol.13, No.15, pp.1-8, 2023Abstract: This article presents the results of an experimental investigation into the mitigation of the alkali–silica reaction (ASR) resulting from using low-grade clay calcined at 850 °C. The clay used in the experiment was domestic clay with an Al2O3 content equal to 26% and a SiO2 content of 58%. The performance of calcined clay in ASR mitigation was evaluated according to ASTM C1567 using reactive aggregates. The control mortar mixture consisted of 100% Portland cement (Na2Oeq = 1.12%) binder and reactive aggregate. The test mixtures used the same reactive aggregate and binders, in which part of the cement was replaced with either 10%, 20% or 30% calcined clay. The microstructure of specimens was examined on the polished sections using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) operated in the backscattered mode (BSE). The results of expansion obtained from the mortar bars made with the reactive aggregate showed that replacing cement by calcined clay reduced their expansion, with the level of expansion decreasing with the increase in the level of cement replacement. Keywords: calcined clay, alkali–silica reaction, expansion, mitigation, microstructure Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Jaskulski R. | - | other affiliation | Dziedzic K. | - | IPPT PAN | Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN |
| |
7. |
Antolik A., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Dziedzic K., Lisowski P., Effect of Potassium Formate on Alkali–Silica Reaction in Aggregates with Different Categories of Reactivity,
Materials Proceedings, ISSN: 2673-4605, DOI: 10.3390/materproc2023013013, Vol.13, No.13, pp.1-8, 2023Abstract: During the wintertime, concrete pavements experience harsh exposure conditions due to the presence of both the freezing–thawing and wetting–drying cycles. Airport concrete pavements are commonly de-iced using chloride-free organic salts such as potassium formate or potassium acetate. However, these materials contain alkali ions which can have harmful effects on both the cement matrix and the aggregate. Specifically, there is an increased risk of occurrence of the alkali–silica reaction (ASR). The goal of this research was to estimate the influence of potassium formate on the potential of causing alkali–silica reaction in aggregates with different categories of reactivity (R0, R1, R2). The accelerated mortar bar test and its modification (which involves replacing sodium hydroxide solution with a potassium formate solution) were used. Detailed SEM-EDS examinations were performed to confirm the presence of alkali–silica reaction and to analyze the influence of potassium formate on the microstructure of mortar. Keywords: alkali–silica reaction,potassium formate,de-icing agent,reactive aggregate Affiliations:
Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Dziedzic K. | - | IPPT PAN | Lisowski P. | - | IPPT PAN |
| |
8. |
Glinicki M.A., Dąbrowski M., Antolik A., Dziedzic K., Sikorin S.♦, Fateev V.♦, Povolansky E.♦, Gamma irradiation sensitivity of early hardening cement mortar,
CEMENT AND CONCRETE COMPOSITES, ISSN: 0958-9465, DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.104327, Vol.126, pp.104327-1-14, 2022Abstract: For possible application of gamma radiation in processing of fresh concrete, like surface processing at precast plants or 3D printing, it is essential to evaluate effects of irradiation on the early hardening of cementitious binders. The influence of gamma irradiation with the dose rate of 4.6 kGy/h on the early strength, pore size distribution and qualitative phase composition of mortar was investigated. The range of investigation comprises the effects selected micro- and nano-additions to Portland cement mortar used to control the kinetic of setting and early hardening of cement. Results show that gamma irradiation of hardening mortar results in the early strength increase of about 56–100%, in reduction of capillary porosity and pore size refinement. The gamma-irradiation sensitivity of early strength of cement mortar is equivalent to increased temperature wet curing. A correlation of heat evolution characteristics of hardening mortar and the temperature-equivalent of gamma irradiation is discussed. Keywords: boron minerals, early hardening, gamma irradiation, pore size distribution, strength, temperature equivalent Affiliations:
Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN | Dąbrowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN | Dziedzic K. | - | IPPT PAN | Sikorin S. | - | National
Academy of Sciences of Belarus (BY) | Fateev V. | - | National
Academy of Sciences of Belarus (BY) | Povolansky E. | - | other affiliation |
| |
9. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Antolik A., Assessment of highway pavement concrete suffering from alkali-silica reaction: case study,
Materiales de Construcción, ISSN: 0465-2746, DOI: 10.3989/mc.2022.296922, Vol.72, No.348, pp.1-9, 2022Abstract: After 15 years of exploitation, numerous instances of damage to the concrete pavement motorway located in northern Germany were observed. Detailed macro and microscopic analysis and determination of mechanical properties were performed on the collected cores. It was found that cracks in the coarse and fine aggregate resulted from advanced alkali-silica reaction. No impact of de-icing agents on the destruction of the concrete pavement was found, while attention was paid to the potential intensification of concrete degradation resulting from the increase in traffic on motorways. The results obtained are a detailed supplement to the German research, as this region (Rostock) has not been analysed before. Keywords: Alkali-silica reaction, Concrete, Aggregate, Petrographic analysis, Microstructure Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN |
| |
10. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Dąbrowski M., Dziedzic K., Jarząbek D., Antolik A., Denis P., Glinicki M.A., Effect of gamma irradiation on the mechanical properties of carbonation reaction products in mortar,
MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES, ISSN: 1359-5997, DOI: 10.1617/s11527-022-02003-w, Vol.55, pp.164-1-17, 2022Abstract: Prediction of carbonation progress in concrete exposed to ionizing radiation is important for the durability assessment of nuclear power plants, eventually needed for operational license extension. The objective of this work is to reveal the influence of gamma irradiation on the carbonation development and resulting microstructural features of cement mortar. The composition of mortar was varied by using mineral additions. Canned specimens at elevated CO2 concentration environment were exposed to gamma irradiation up to the absorbed dose of 1.6 MGy in the vicinity of spent nuclear fuel rods in pool of research reactor. Micromechanical properties of carbonation reaction products were determined using nanoindentation tests. The carbonation depth was found to increase with increasing absorbed γ dose. The size of calcite crystals was about three times greater in irradiated specimens. Gamma irradiation improved the micromechanical properties of carbonation products. Effects of mineral additives on the characteristics of irradiated mortar are discussed. Keywords: calcite, carbonation, cement mortar, gamma irradiation, microstructure, mineral additions, nanoindentation Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Dąbrowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Dziedzic K. | - | IPPT PAN | Jarząbek D. | - | IPPT PAN | Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN | Denis P. | - | IPPT PAN | Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN |
| |
11. |
Glinicki M.A., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Antolik A., Dziedzic K., Dąbrowski M., Bogusz K., Diagnosis of ASR damage in highway pavement after 15 years of service in wet-freeze climate region,
Case Studies in Construction Materials, ISSN: 2214-5095, DOI: 10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01226, Vol.17, pp.e01226-1-15, 2022Abstract: Diagnostic tests were carried out on specimens drilled from a section of jointed, unreinforced highway pavement after 15 years of service. The section of highway was exposed to heavy road traffic, environmental actions of wet-freeze climate zone and associated winter maintenance including application of deicing salt. Premature pavement damage was manifested by visible cracking, mostly along transverse joints and in slab corners. Tests performed on core specimens included petrographic analysis of concrete and its components, using optical and scanning electron microscopy, also evaluation of elastic and transport properties, expansion potential, cracks and air void system. Numerous cracks in the grains of coarse quartzite aggregate were found. Reactive forms of quartz in quartzite aggregate - microcrystalline and cryptocrystalline quartz - were abundant. The gel-like products in cracks in quartzite grains and in surrounding cement paste were identified as alkali-silica reaction products. Expansion of specimens exposed to an alkali-silica reaction-promoting environment indicated the potential for further development of such reaction. Substantial cracking and reduction of modulus of elasticity was correlated with the presence of reactive quartz in quartzite aggregate. The role of additional destructive factors, such as the impact of heavy vehicles traffic and freeze-thaw aggression was indicated by greater cracks in the slow traffic lane compared than in the emergency lane, associated with local marginal air entrainment of concrete. Keywords: alkali-silica reaction, concrete, cracking, durability, highway pavement Affiliations:
Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN | Dziedzic K. | - | IPPT PAN | Dąbrowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Bogusz K. | - | IPPT PAN |
| |
12. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Antolik A., Dziedzic K., Lisowski P., Potential alkaline reactivity of sands from domestic deposits,
Roads and Bridges - Drogi i Mosty, ISSN: 1643-1618, DOI: 10.7409/rabdim.022.015, Vol.21, No.3, pp.253-271, 2022Abstract: Sand used as fine aggregate in concrete may, under unfavorable environmental conditions, cause alkali-silica reaction and the consequent deterioration of durability and functional properties of concrete. The aim of this work is to compare alkali-silica reactivity of 18 natural sands of various origin. The potential reactivity of sands was tested according to the procedures PB/1/18 and PB/3/18 established in the Technical Guidelines issued by the General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways. Mineral composition of aggregate was analyzed in order to identify reactive minerals. Mortar bar expansion tests and microscopic analyses of the products of alkali-silica reaction were performed. The research indicated that 6 (33%) out of 18 tested aggregates should be classified as “moderately reactive” and 12 (67%) aggregates should be classified as “non-reactive”. It was demonstrated that the origin of sand affects its susceptibility to alkali-silica reaction. Keywords: alkali-silica gel, expansion, fine aggregate, reactive minerals, sand Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN | Dziedzic K. | - | IPPT PAN | Lisowski P. | - | IPPT PAN |
| |
13. |
Glinicki M.A., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Antolik A., Dziedzic K., Dąbrowski M., Bogusz K., Lisowski P., ANALYSIS OF CAUSES OF DAMAGE TO SINGLE-LAYER CONCRETE HIGHWAY PAVEMENT,
Roads and Bridges - Drogi i Mosty, ISSN: 1643-1618, DOI: 10.7409/rabdim.022.011, Vol.21, No.3, pp.183-201, 2022Abstract: Premature damage to the concrete pavement of a trunk road section after 15 years of its service life was noticed. The damage manifested itself in cracking along transverse joints and in the corners of slabs. Diagnostic investigations, covering a petrographic analysis of concrete and mineral aggregates by means of optical and scanning microscopy, an evaluation of the elastic properties, the degree of cracking and air-void parameters and an identification of the alkali-silica reaction products, were carried out on core samples. Multiple cracks in coarse quartzite aggregate particles and in cement matrix were found. A significant presence of microcrystalline and cryptocrystalline quartz in quartzite particles was detected. Typical alkali-silica reaction products were unambiguously identified. The considerable cracking and the substantial decrease in the modulus of elasticity were correlated with the presence of reactive quartz in the quartzite aggregate and the alkali-silica reaction was found to be the main cause of the damage. Additional damaging factors, such as heavy traffic loads and frost aggression, are discussed. Keywords: concrete, road pavement, pavement evaluation, aggregate, quartzite, alkali-silica reaction, cracks, service life Affiliations:
Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN | Dziedzic K. | - | IPPT PAN | Dąbrowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Bogusz K. | - | IPPT PAN | Lisowski P. | - | IPPT PAN |
| |
14. |
Antolik A., INFLUENCE OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM FORMATE ON THE ASR REACTIVITY OF GRANITE AGGREGATE,
Structure and Environment, ISSN: 2081-1500, DOI: 10.30540/sae-2022-008, Vol.14(3), No.008, pp.69-75, 2022Abstract: Use of de-icing agents is necessary in winter to maintain appropriate quality of road and airport surfaces. Formate or acetate de-icing agents are safer for aircraft and the environment than the commonly used sodium chloride, but may cause an alkali-silica reaction in concrete. The study investigated the influence of sodium formate and potassium formate on the occurrence of ASR (alkali-silica reaction) in mortars with granite aggregate. Accelerated mortar-bar tests at 80°C using
various de-icing agents were performed and detailed studies of the SEM-EDS microstructure were carried out. Keywords: granite aggregate, alkali-silica reaction ASR, sodium formate, potassium formate, alkali-silica gel, microstructure Affiliations:
| |
15. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Gmeling K.♦, Antolik A., Dziedzic K., Glinicki M.A., Assessment of long lived isotopes in alkali-silica resistant concrete designed for nuclear installations,
Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma14164595, Vol.14, No.16, pp.4595-1-15, 2021Abstract: The design of concrete for radiation shielding structures is principally based on the selection of materials of adequate elemental composition and mix proportioning to achieve the long-term durability in nuclear environment. Concrete elements may become radioactive through exposure to neutron radiation from the nuclear reactor. A selection of constituent materials of greatly reduced content of long-lived residual radioisotopes would reduce the volume of low-level waste during plant decommissioning. The objective of this investigation is an assessment of trace elements with a large activation cross section in concrete constituents and simultaneous evaluation of susceptibility of concrete to detrimental alkali-silica reaction. Two isotopes 60Co and 152Eu were chosen as the dominant long-lived residual radioisotopes and evaluated using neutron activation analysis. The influence of selected mineral aggregates on the expansion due to alkali-silica reaction was tested. The content of 60Co and 152Eu activated by neutron radiation in fine and coarse aggregates, as well as in four types of Portland cement, is presented and discussed in respect to the chemical composition and rock origin. Conflicting results were obtained for quartzite coarse aggregate and siliceous river sand that, despite a low content, 60Co and 152Eu exhibited a high susceptibility to alkali-silica reaction in Portland cement concrete. The obtained results facilitate a multicriteria selection of constituents for radiation-shielding concrete. Keywords: alkali-silica reaction, concrete durability, low-level radioactive waste, neutron activation analysis, radiation shielding concrete, trace elements Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Gmeling K. | - | Centre for Energy Research (HU) | Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN | Dziedzic K. | - | IPPT PAN | Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN |
| |
16. |
Antolik A., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Assessment of the alkali-silica reactivity potential in granitic rocks,
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS, ISSN: 0950-0618, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123690, Vol.295, pp.123690-1-12, 2021Abstract: The alkali-silica reactivity of granites may significantly affect the durability of road and airfield concrete pavements. The aim of the study was to evaluate the reactivity of granites commonly used as an aggregate in concrete pavements, with particular emphasis on microscopic methods. The research was focused on petrographic diagnosis of reactive minerals in granites, their quantitative analysis and comparison of the obtained results with standard measurements. The strained quartz was recognized as a reactive component and the linear relationship between its content and specimens expansion was found. Keywords: alkali-silica reaction, concrete, durability, granite, image analysis, microscopy, pavements, slow-reacting aggregates, expansion Affiliations:
Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN |
| |
17. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Antolik A., Dziedzic K., Gméling K.♦, Bogusz K., Laboratory investigations on fine aggregates used for concrete pavements due to the risk of ASR,
Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN: 1468-0629, DOI: 10.1080/14680629.2020.1796767, pp.1-13, 2020Abstract: The assessment of the aggregate suitability for concrete pavements applies mainly to coarse aggregate. However, even fine aggregate can significantly affect the long-term durability of concrete when it is susceptible to alkali-silica reaction (ASR). The sustainable use of available fine aggregates for the production of concrete, while reducing the effects of ASR, requires special preventive measures. The paper proposed different procedures to determine the chemical composition of aggregate and the related ASR risk. The study covers various properties of natural fine aggregates from glacial deposits. The experiments included determination of chemical composition by prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA), quantitative mineralogical characterisation on thin sections using digital image procedure (DIP) and expansion measurements in mortar bar test (MBT). The strong correlation of sand origin and its susceptibility to ASR was observed. Content of micro- and cryptocrystalline quartz in siliceous sand was found to have a crucial effect on its performance in AMBT. Keywords: fine aggregate, alkali-silica reaction, mineral composition, prompt gamma activation analysis, digital image procedure, glacial deposit Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN | Dziedzic K. | - | IPPT PAN | Gméling K. | - | Centre for Energy Research (HU) | Bogusz K. | - | IPPT PAN |
| |
18. |
Dziedzic K., Dąbrowski M., Antolik A., Glinicki A.♦, Characteristics of concrete mix air-entrainment applying the sequential pressure method / Charakterystyka napowietrzenia mieszanki betonowej metodą sekwencyjno-cioenieniową,
Roads and Bridges - Drogi i Mosty, ISSN: 1643-1618, DOI: 10.7409/rabdim.020.007, Vol.19, No.2, pp.107-118, 2020Abstract: The purpose of introducing air into the concrete mix is to increase the freeze-thaw and scaling resistance of hardened concrete. The utility of the sequential pressure method (Super Air Meter - SAM) for assessment of the air entrainment quality was verified by comparing the results obtained with this method with the results of the air-void analysis of hardened concrete. The results of the tests carried out on mixes designed and produced at a laboratory and the mixes produced on an industrial scale during expressway construction are considered. Furthermore, the relationships between the SAM number and the micro air-void content A300 in hardened concrete and the freeze-thaw and de-icing salt resistance are analysed as part of this research. A clear co-relation between the SAM number, a parameter that characterises the air-entrainment of the concrete mix, and the microvoid content has been demonstrated.
Napowietrzenie mieszanki betonowej stosuje się w celu podwyższenia mrozoodporności betonu i jego odporności na złuszczenia powierzchniowe. Przeprowadzono badania możliwości charakteryzowania jakości napowietrzenia mieszanki betonowej za pomocą pomiarów metodą sekwencyjno-ciśnieniową, oceniając zgodność jej wyników z wynikami pomiaru charakterystyki porów w betonie stwardniałym. Przedstawiono wyniki badań mieszanek zaprojektowanych i wykonanych w laboratorium, jak i mieszanek wykonanych przemysłowo na budowie drogi ekspresowej. Analizowano relację tzw. liczby SAM mieszanki betonowej w odniesieniu do zawartości mikroporów A300 w stwardniałym betonie oraz odporności na cykliczne działanie mrozu w obecności soli odladzających. Wykazano wyraźną korelację między parametrem charakteryzującym napowietrzenie mieszanki betonowej (liczba SAM) a zawartością mikroporów w betonie stwardniałym. Keywords: air-entrainment, air-void parameters, concrete, freeze-thaw resistance, microvoid content, sequential pressure method, surface scaling / beton, charakterystyka porów, metoda sekwencyjno-cioenieniowa, mrozoodporność, napowietrzenie, zawartość mikroporów, złuszczenia powierzchniowe Affiliations:
Dziedzic K. | - | IPPT PAN | Dąbrowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN | Glinicki A. | - | other affiliation |
| |
19. |
Dąbrowski M., Glinicki M.A., Dziedzic K., Antolik A., Validation of sequential pressure method for evaluation of the content of microvoids in air entrained concrete,
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS, ISSN: 0950-0618, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.08.014, Vol.227, pp.116633-1-12, 2019Abstract: The suitability of the sequential air pressure method (SAM) to evaluate the quality of air entrainment in concrete mix to support prediction of durability of hardened concrete was studied. The experiments included both laboratory-produced mixes and on-site trials on mixes delivered for highway pavement construction. The fresh air content and the air void distribution was tested using the SAM apparatus. The air content and the air void characteristics in hardened concrete was tested using the microscopic analysis on polished sections. Standard fresh mix properties were also tested and the compressive strength and salt-scaling resistance of concrete was determined. Effects of type and proportion of admixtures, type of crushed aggregate, timing of SAM measurements and the method of mix consolidation were analyzed. The relationship between the SAM number and the air void characteristics in hardened concrete was critically evaluated. The relationship between SAM number and the content of microvoids (A300) is found for the laboratory mixes and confirmed with few field test results. The criterion of SAM number ≤ 0.4 is proposed for the target microvoids content A300 ≥ 1.5% and the enhanced salt scaling resistance of concrete. Keywords: air entrainment, air void distribution, concrete durability, fresh concrete, frost-salt scaling, microvoids content, mix design, sequential pressure method, spacing factor, test methods Affiliations:
Dąbrowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN | Dziedzic K. | - | IPPT PAN | Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN |
| |
20. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Antolik A., Dziedzic K., Glinicki M.A., Gibas K., Resistance of selected aggregates from igneous rocks to alkali-silica reaction: verification / Weryfikacja odporności wybranych kruszyw ze skał magmowych na reakcję z alkaliami,
Roads and Bridges - Drogi i Mosty, ISSN: 1643-1618, DOI: 10.7409/rabdim.019.005, Vol.18, No.1, pp.67-83, 2019Abstract: The paper presents investigations into the reactivity of aggregates from igneous rock, carried out in accordance with the procedures contained in the GDDKiA General Technical Specification "Concrete pavements". The aim of the investigations was evaluation of the suitability of the aggregates for road structures and pavements built using cement based concrete technology. Aggregates produced from extrusive rocks (basalt, melaphyre and porphyry) and from intrusive rocks (granite and gabbro) were analysed. The mineral composition of the aggregates was evaluated with regard to their reactive SiO2 content. Expansion tests on mortar bar and concrete prism specimens with analysed aggregates and a microscopic analysis of the alkali-aggregate reaction products were carried out. A considerable amount of reactive minerals: chalcedony, tridymite and microcrystalline quartz and volcanic glass were found in the grains of the porphyry and melaphyre aggregates. On the basis of the conducted investigations the two aggregates made of igneous rocks (melaphyre and porphyry) were classified into category R1 (moderately reactive). The basalt aggregate, the granite aggregate and the gabbro aggregate were assigned to category R0 (non-reactive). W artykule przedstawiono badania reaktywności kruszyw ze skał magmowych przeprowadzone zgodnie z procedurami ujętymi w instrukcjach GDDKiA OST "Nawierzchnie betonowe" w celu oceny ich przydatności do stosowania w technologii betonu cementowego na drogowe konstrukcje inżynierskie i nawierzchnie. Analizie poddano kruszywa ze skał wylewnych: bazalt, melafir i porfir oraz ze skał głębinowych: granit i gabro. Przeprowadzono ocenę składu mineralnego kruszyw z uwagi na zawartość reaktywnych minerałów krzemionkowych. Przeprowadzono badania wydłużenia próbek zapraw i betonów z kruszywami oraz analizę mikroskopową produktów reakcji alkalia-kruszywo. Stwierdzono występowanie znacznej ilości reaktywnych minerałów w ziarnach kruszywa z porfiru i melafiru: chalcedonu i trydymitu oraz kwarcu mikrokrystalicznego i szkliwa wulkanicznego. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań dwa kruszywa ze skał magmowych (melafir oraz porfir) zaklasyfikowano do kategorii R1 - umiarkowanie reaktywne. Kruszywo bazaltowe, granit oraz gabro przypisano kategorii R0 - niereaktywne. Keywords: aggregate, alkali reactivity, alkali silica gel, cristobalite, igneous rocks, microcrystalline quartz, reactive minerals / alkaliczny żel krzemionkowy, kruszywo, krystobalit, mikrokrystaliczny kwarc, minerały reaktywne, reaktywność alkaliczna, skały wulkaniczne Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN | Dziedzic K. | - | IPPT PAN | Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN | Gibas K. | - | IPPT PAN |
| |
21. |
Glinicki M.A., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Antolik A., Dziedzic K., Gibas K., Susceptibility of selected aggregates from sedimentary rocks to alkali-aggregate reaction / Podatność wybranych kruszyw ze skał osadowych na reakcję alkalia-kruszywo,
Roads and Bridges - Drogi i Mosty, ISSN: 1643-1618, DOI: 10.7409/rabdim.019.001, Vol.18, No.1, pp.5-24, 2019Abstract: The paper presents the results of investigations into the reactivity of domestic aggregates produced from selected sedimentary rocks, carried out using the new testing methods, consistent with the RILEM and ASTM methods, implemented by GDDKiA (Polish General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways) documents. The range of the investigations covered coarse crushed aggregates produced from limestone, dolomite, sandstone and greywacke rocks, potentially suitable for making strong and durable concrete. No reactive forms of quartz were found in the mineralogical composition of the limestone aggregates and the dolomite aggregates. Micro- and cryptocrystalline quartz occurred in the particles of the greywacke aggregates and the sandstone aggregates. On the basis of the expansion of mortar and concrete specimens the aggregates produced from the sedimentary rocks were classified into the reactivity categories: R0, R1 and R2. A sodium-potassium-calcium silicate gel, whose composition (consistent with that reported in the literature) was characteristic of the alkali-silica reaction products, was found. The investigations resulted in a consistent assessment of the reactivity of the aggregates. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań reaktywności krajowych kruszyw z wybranych, litych skał osadowych przy wykorzystaniu nowych metod badawczych wdrożonych w dokumentach technicznych Generalnej Dyrekcji Dróg Krajowych i Autostrad (GDDKiA), zgodnych z metodami RILEM i ASTM. Zakres badań obejmował kruszywa grube łamane o potencjalnej przydatności do wykonania wytrzymałego i trwałego betonu, wyprodukowane ze skał wapienia, dolomitu, piaskowca i szarogłazu. W składzie mineralnym kruszyw z wapieni i dolomitu nie stwierdzono obecności reaktywnych form kwarcu; w ziarnach kruszywa z szarogłazów i piaskowca występował kwarc mikro- i kryptokrystaliczny. Na podstawie wydłużenia próbek określono następujące kategorie reaktywności wybranych krajowych kruszyw ze skał osadowych: R0, R1 i R2. Zaobserwowano występowanie żelu krzemianu sodowo-potasowo-wapniowego o składzie charakterystycznym dla produktów reakcji alkalia-kruszywo, zgodnym z danymi literaturowymi. Uzyskano spójną ocenę reaktywności kruszyw. Keywords: alkali-aggregate reaction, cement, concrete, dolomite aggregate, expansion, greywacke, limestone, quartz, reactive minerals, sandstone / beton, cement, kruszywo dolomitowe, kruszywo wapienne, kwarc, minerały reaktywne, piaskowiec, reakcja alkalia-kruszywo, szarogłaz, wydłużenie Affiliations:
Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN | Dziedzic K. | - | IPPT PAN | Gibas K. | - | IPPT PAN |
| |
22. |
Glinicki M.A., Antolik A., Gawlicki M.♦, Evaluation of compatibility of neutron-shielding boron aggregates with Portland cement in mortar,
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS, ISSN: 0950-0618, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.228, Vol.164, pp.731-738, 2018Abstract: Enhanced neutron radiation shielding capacity of protective structures can be achieved using cement-based composites with boron-containing aggregates. Experimental tests were performed to evaluate the effect of boron aggregates (colemanite, ulexite, borax, boron carbide) and nanosilica on the setting time and hydration heat of cement in mortars using isothermal calorimetry. Boron leaching test from mineral aggregates were performed in water and saturated Ca(OH)2 solution. Cement setting retardation effects were found qualitatively correlated with boron leaching from mineral aggregates. A linear dependence of compressive strength of borated mortars and heat released after 72 h of cement hydration was found. A maximum content of boron compounds in mortar, allowing for a systematical control of setting time, was evaluated Keywords: Boron minerals, Cement setting, Colemanite, Early strength, Heat of hydration, Isothermal calorimetry, Leaching, Nanosilica, Neutron shielding, Retardation, Ulexite Affiliations:
Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN | Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN | Gawlicki M. | - | Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials (PL) |
| |