Institute of Fundamental Technological Research
Polish Academy of Sciences

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Andrew Duchowski

Clemson University (US)

Recent publications
1.  Krejtz K., Duchowski A., Szmidt T., Krejtz I., González Perilli F., Pires A., Vilaro A., Villalobos N., Gaze Transition Entropy, ACM Transactions on Applied Perception, ISSN: 1544-3558, DOI: 10.1145/2834121, Vol.13, No.1, pp.4:1-20, 2015

Abstract:
This article details a two-step method of quantifying eye movement transitions between areas of interest (AOIs). First, individuals' gaze switching patterns, represented by fixated AOI sequences, are modeled as Markov chains. Second, Shannon's entropy coefficient of the fit Markov model is computed to quantify the complexity of individual switching patterns. To determine the overall distribution of attention over AOIs, the entropy coefficient of individuals' stationary distribution of fixations is calculated. The novelty of the method is that it captures the variability of individual differences in eye movement characteristics, which are then summarized statistically. The method is demonstrated on gaze data collected from two studies, during free viewing of classical art paintings. Normalized Shannon's entropy, derived from individual transition matrices, is related to participants' individual differences as well as to either their aesthetic impression or recognition of artwork. Low transition and high stationary entropies suggest greater curiosity mixed with a higher subjective aesthetic affinity toward artwork, possibly indicative of visual scanning of the artwork in a more deliberate way. Meanwhile, both high transition and stationary entropies may be indicative of recognition of familiar artwork.

Keywords:
Eye movement transitions, entropy, Markov chain

Affiliations:
Krejtz K. - other affiliation
Duchowski A. - Clemson University (US)
Szmidt T. - IPPT PAN
Krejtz I. - other affiliation
González Perilli F. - Universidad de la República Uruguay (UY)
Pires A. - Universidad de la República Uruguay (UY)
Vilaro A. - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
Villalobos N. - Universidad de la República Uruguay (UY)

Conference papers
1.  Krejtz K., Szmidt T., Duchowski A., Krejtz I., Entropy-based Statistical Analysis of Eye Movement Transitions, ETRA '14, Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications, 2014-03-26/03-28, Safety Harbor (US), DOI: 10.1145/2578153.2578176, pp.159-166, 2014

Abstract:
The paper introduces a two-step method of quantifying eye movement transitions between Areas of Interests (AOIs). First, individuals’ gaze switching patterns, represented by fixated AOI sequences, are modeled as Markov chains. Second, Shannon’s entropy coefficient of the fit Markov model is computed to quantify the complexity of individual switching patterns. To determine the overall distribution of attention over AOIs, the entropy coefficient of individuals’ stationary distribution of fixations is calculated.

The novelty of the method is that it captures the variability of individual differences in eye movement characteristics, which are then summarized statistically. The method is demonstrated on gaze data collected during free viewing of classical art paintings. Shannon’s coefficient derived from individual transition matrices is significantly related to participants’ individual differences as well as to their aesthetic experience of art pieces.

Keywords:
eye movements, transition matrix, Shannon entropy, Markov model, gaze distribution

Affiliations:
Krejtz K. - other affiliation
Szmidt T. - other affiliation
Duchowski A. - Clemson University (US)
Krejtz I. - other affiliation

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