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Abstract:
Purpose:
Ultrasound contrast agents consist of bubbles in the micrometer range encapsulated by nanoshells. These medical microbubbles oscillate linearly upon insonification at low acoustic amplitudes, but demonstrate highly nonlinear, destructive behavior at relatively high acoustic amplitudes. Therefore, medical microbubbles have been investigated for their potential applications in local drug and gene delivery. We used fast-framing photography at more than a million frames per second to investigate medical microbubbles in a diagnostic ultrasonic field. In this presentation, we give an overview of the physical mechanisms of medical microbubble destruction.

Methods and Materials:
Three ultrasound contrast agents were studied with high-speed photography during insonification. The agents were inserted through a cellulose capillary with a diameter of 0.2mm. The capillary was positioned below a microscope whose optical focus coincided with the ultrasonic focus. We captured images of insonified medical bubbles at higher frame rates than the ultrasonic frequency transmitted (typically 0.5MHz). The acoustic amplitudes corresponded to mechanical indices between 0.03 and 0.8. To compare theory and experiments, we simulated insonified medical microbubble behavior, based on the behavior of large, unencapsulated bubbles in an acoustic field.

Results:
At low acoustic amplitudes (mechanical index <0.1) bubbles pulsate moderately, as predicted from theory. At high amplitudes (mechanical index >0.6) their elongated expansion phase is followed by a violent collapse. Microbubbles have been observed to coalesce (merge), fragment, crack, and jet (act as a microsyringe) during one single ultrasonic cycle. From our observations of jetting through medical bubbles, we computed that the pressure at the tip of the jet is high enough to penetrate any human cell. One image sequence reveals the temporary formation of a liquid drop inside a microbubble.

Conclusions:
Medical microbubble oscillation and translation can be modeled using large, unencapsulated bubble theory. The number of fragments generated by untrasound-induced microbubble break-up has been related to the energy absorbed by the microbubble. Medical bubbles might be used as vehicles that carry a drug to a region of interest, where the release can be controlled with ultrasound. Liquid jets may act as microsyringes, injecting a drug into target tissue. Microbubble phenomena also have potential applications in imaging and noninvasive pressure measurements.

Keywords:
Microbubble, Ultrasound

Abstract:
We studied the interaction of ultrasound contrast agent bubbles coated with a layer of lipids, driven by 0.5 MHz ultrasound. High-speed photography on the submicrosecond timescale reveals that some bubbles bounce off each other, while others show very fast coalescence during bubble expansion. This fast coalescence cannot be explained by dissipation-limited film drainage rates. We conclude that the lipid shell ruptures upon expansion, exposing clean free bubble interfaces that support plug flow profiles in the film and inertia-limited drainage whose time scales match those of the observed coalescence.

Keywords:
Microbubble coalescence, Ultrasound contrast agent, Film drainage, High-speed photography

Abstract:
When gas bubbles collide, the following stages of bubble coalescence have been reported: flattening of the opposing bubble surfaces prior to contact, drainage of the interposed liquid film toward a critical minimal thickness, rupture of the liquid film, and formation of a single bubble. During insonification, expanding contrast agent microbubbles may collide with each other, resulting in coalescence or bounce.
In this study, we investigate the validity of the film drainage formalism for expanding free bubbles, by subjecting rigid-shelled contrast agent microbubbles to ultrasound, in order to release gas, and photograph the coalescence of these free gas bubbles. As with colliding bubbles, bubble surface flattening is related to the Weber number. Only inertial film drainage between free interfaces explains the observed coalescence times. In accordance with theory, smaller bubble fragments coalesce on very small time scales, while larger bubbles bounce off each other.