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Abstract:
This short communication is aimed at indication of a significant problem to be solved by researchers working in the field of engineering structures. The contribution concerns a very important application of a rescue cushion, which is an airbag system devoted to the impact mitigation appearing during evacuation of people from heights. Although, a very similar in the principle of their operation, car airbags have been thoroughly tested, rescue cushions have not received sufficient attention. It should be emphasized that the performance of the actually operated devices is far from sufficient and even fatal accidents occur. The authors identified the problem and have initiated a study, which includes numerical simulation and experimental validation of the impact absorption process, as well as the elaboration of a suitable adaptive solution.

Keywords:
adaptive airbag, Adaptive Impact Absorption, inflatable structure, pneumatic absorber, rescue air cushion

Abstract:
Our study presents the research on elaboration of a novel type of the rescue air cushion, which is an inflatable structure used by fire brigades for evacuation of people at heights. The goal of our work is to increase its injury prevention capabilities. We consider the system based on an airframe filled with a compressed gas and a double-chamber airbag, which exchanges the air with environment. Discussed research includes modelling of the system, numerical simulations of its dynamic behavior and description of the dedicated adaptive solution. Practical implementations of the original ideas are conducted using the rescue cushion in 1:2 scale and a full-scale demonstrator of semi-passive valves. According to the already obtained results it is experimentally proven that a significant improvement of the system’s characteristics can be achieved by introducing valves of simple construction [1]. In this study the influence of a delayed start of the adaptation procedure is investigated in detail. Obtained conclusions are used in order to indicate directions of further system development, which will concern, among others, estimation of the impacting body trajectory and identification of the impact position.

Keywords:
Adaptive Impact Absorption, Airbag system, Dynamic characteristics optimization, Impact mitigation, Rescue cushion, Pneumatic shock-absorber.

Abstract:
Despite the fact that airbag systems are well-known and used in safety engineering for many years the growth of research and development activities and increasing number of new applications of airbags are observed. Advances in the field includes among others: development of advanced car airbags, analyses of airbag cushioning for landing on Mars, elaboration of emergency landing system for drones. Another field of airbags application and simultaneously the main motivation for the study presented in the paper is the evacuation of people conducted by the fire brigade. When people are forced to leave the building by jump from the window or roof the rescue cushion is placed on the ground in order to mitigate the impact and safe life of evacuated people. The aim of the study is to develop the relevant adaptation strategy for the system and provide efficient operation of the airbag in case of different impact velocities and different masses of the landing person. Several approaches to the system adaptation are analyzed and they include semi-active as well as semi-passive solutions. Also possibility of implementing the concept of self-adaptive impact absorption is assessed. Technical and operational requirements for the rescue cushion are considered and based on them the final adaptation principles are selected. Evaluation of the system performance is conducted with the use of numerical models of dummies provided in the LS Dyna software environment. In Fig. 1. the overloads acting on pelvis of three different dummies dropped from assumed height are shown. The obtained mitigation of the impact loading is significant for all considered cases.