| 1. |
Łazarska M.♦, Ranachowski Z., Musiał J.♦, Tański T.♦, Jiang Q.♦, Identification of Phase Transformations in Alloy and Non-Alloy Steel During Austempering Using Acoustic Emission and Neural Network,
Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma18102198, Vol.18, No.2198, pp.1-16, 2025 Abstract:
This research was carried out for selected alloy (bearing) and non-alloy (tool) steel. The steels were subjected to austempering. The hardening temperature range was from 100 °C to 180 °C. The use of acoustic emission in connection with the artificial neural network (ANN) enabled the analysis and identification of phase changes occurring in steels during austempering. Classification of acoustic emission events was carried out with the help of their energy values and with the use of an artificial neural network. On this basis, it was observed that in the process of isothermal hardening of steel at the applied temperatures, complex transformations of austenite into martensite and bainite occur. In addition, it was found that the research methods used enabled the identification of signal components originating from the phase transformation causing the formation of thin-plate martensite midrib. The use of acoustic methods in the field of bainitic transformation creates the possibility of their application in the industry. Keywords:
bainite, martensite, austempering, acoustic emission (AE), neural networks Affiliations:
| Łazarska M. | - | Kazimierz Wielki University (PL) | | Ranachowski Z. | - | IPPT PAN | | Musiał J. | - | other affiliation | | Tański T. | - | other affiliation | | Jiang Q. | - | other affiliation |
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| 2. |
Łazarska M.♦, Musiał J.♦, Tański T.♦, Ranachowski Z., Transformations in the Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Studied Using Dilatometry Supported by Acoustic Emission,
Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma17246260, Vol.17, No.24, pp.1-12, 2024Abstract:
This paper presents the results of research on the kinetics of transformations in the two-phase (α + β) Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The transformation start and end temperatures during heating at different rates were determined using a dilatometer. A modified dilatometer was employed, equipped with an acoustic emission measurement apparatus and software enabling the assessment of sample dimensional changes during heating and cooling. The results were obtained in the form of dilatometric curves. Additionally, the occurrence of the transformation was confirmed by acoustic emission signals. In the study of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy, acoustic emission refers to the application of this non-destructive technique to monitor the alloy’s behavior during thermal processes. As the temperature increased, regardless of the heating rate, the α→β transformation was observed to occur after exceeding 900 °C. Within the transformation range, acoustic emission signals were recorded. Moreover, it was found that the applied research methods enabled the identification of signal components originating from the transformation. The application of acoustic methods in the analysis of phase transformations opens new possibilities for their use in industry. Keywords:
Ti-6Al-4V alloy, microstructure, dilatometric tests, acoustic emission (EA) Affiliations:
| Łazarska M. | - | Kazimierz Wielki University (PL) | | Musiał J. | - | other affiliation | | Tański T. | - | other affiliation | | Ranachowski Z. | - | IPPT PAN |
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