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Lewandowski M., Jarosik P.♦, Tasinkevych Y., Walczak M., Efficient GPU implementation of 3D spectral domain synthetic aperture imaging,
IUS 2020, IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium, 2020-09-07/09-11, Las Vegas (US), DOI: 10.1109/IUS46767.2020.9251552, pp.1-3, 2020 Abstract: In this work, we considered the implementation of a 3D volume reconstruction algorithm for single plane-wave ultrasound insonification. We review the theory behind the Hybrid Spectral-Domain Imaging (HSDI) algorithm, provide details of the algorithm implementation for Nvidia CUDA GPU cards, and discuss the performance evaluation results. The average time required to reconstruct a single data volume using our GPU implementation of the HSDI algorithm was 22 ms. We also present an iso-surface extraction result using a marching cubes algorithm. Our work constitutes a preliminary research for further development and implementation of 3D volume reconstruction using GPU implementation of the spectral domain imaging algorithm. Keywords: ultrasound imaging, 3D ultrasound, volumetric imaging, gpu Affiliations:
Lewandowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Jarosik P. | - | other affiliation | Tasinkevych Y. | - | IPPT PAN | Walczak M. | - | IPPT PAN |
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Tasinkiewicz J., Lewandowski M., Walczak M., 3D/4D hybrid spectral domain synthetic aperture image reconstruction method for hand-held ultrasound systems,
IUS 2019, IEEE, International Ultrasonics Symposium, 2019-10-06/10-09, Glasgow (GB), DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.2019.8926005, pp.1-4, 2019 Abstract: In the last few decades 3D/4D ultrasonography has been gaining increasing popularity not only as a scientific research topic but also as a new modality of medical imaging in clinical applications. However, design and implementation of 3D/4D device for high quality ultrasound imaging within portable, handheld systems is a technological challenge. Design of transmit/receive (TX/RX) electronics for efficient operation with 2D array transducers, comprised of thousands of elements, enormous amount of input/output data that must be transferred and processed, power consumption limitation are just a few of the difficulties that arise. No less important is development of reliable and numerically efficient algorithms for 3D/4D imaging which should take all these restrictions into account. The main objective of this paper is to present a new hybrid spectral domain imaging (HSDI) method that delivers an original and innovative solution for the technical limitations of modern ultrasonography 3D/4D. The developed image reconstruction method is based on the plane-wave insonification (PWI) with sub-aperture data acquisition combined with frequency domain (FD) data processing. The performance of the method was tested using the Field II simulated acoustic data of 3D cyst phantom. For a 3D low-resolution image (LRI) comprised of 64×64×512 pixels the proposed HSDI method is about 100 times faster, in the case of a single 3D, than its counterpart based on the PWI synthetic aperture time domain (TD) method for a single TX/RX event. On the other hand, the frame rate increase is proportional to the number of sub-apertures used for a single high-resolution image (HRI) synthesis Affiliations:
Tasinkiewicz J. | - | IPPT PAN | Lewandowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Walczak M. | - | IPPT PAN |
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Lewandowski M., Walczak M., Witek B., Rozbicki J., Steifer T., A GPU-Based Portable Phased-Array System with Full-Matrix Capture,
IUS 2018, IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium, 2018-10-22/10-25, KOBE (JP), DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.2018.8579964, pp.1-3, 2018 Abstract: The widely adopted ultrasound Phased-Array (PA) systems for nondestructive testing (NDT) use standard beamforming for line-by-line image creation. The introduction of the new full-matrix capture (FMC) technique enables the implementation of advanced processing algorithms (e.g. the total focusing method, multi-pass adaptive techniques). However, the limited availability of portable PA systems with FMC capabilities prevents widespread introduction. Our goal was to demonstrate the feasibility of a portable PA solution with FMC and advanced processing with the help of a mobile GPU. Using an OEM ultrasound front-end module (us4us Ltd., Poland), we integrated a complete PA system with an embedded Nvidia Tegra X2 module. An external probe adapter enables a direct connection to commercial Olympus-NDT PA probes with up to 128-elements (32-element active RX aperture). The system is fully programmable, both in the front-end (TX/RX schemes, acquisition parameters), as well as in the digital signal processing chain. Raw RF data is acquired and transferred to mobile GPU memory for processing. The algorithm can be conveniently implemented using a standard Nvidia CUDA toolkit. We implemented real-time B-mode imaging with the total focusing method for demonstration purposes. The presented all-in-one system is a fully flexible tool for the research and evaluation of novel Phased-Array FMC methods and complex signal processing algorithms. An extended programmability and real-time access to raw channel data allows to create custom solutions specifically dedicated to any one NDT application. Mobile GPU parallel processing provides a strong enough performance for real-time imaging. Its small size and low-power consumption make the system an ideal candidate for a portable industrial flaw detector with advanced processing. Affiliations:
Lewandowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Walczak M. | - | IPPT PAN | Witek B. | - | IPPT PAN | Rozbicki J. | - | IPPT PAN | Steifer T. | - | IPPT PAN |
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Zembrzycki K., Kowalewski T.A., Pawłowska S., Chrzanowska-Giżyńska J., Nowak M., Walczak M., Pierini F., Atomic force microscopy combined with optical tweezers (AFM/OT): characterization of micro and nanomaterial interactions,
SPIE Optics + Photonics, 2018-08-21/08-23, San Diego (US), No.10723, pp.1072323-1-6, 2018 Abstract: Materials containing suspended micro- or nanomaterials are used extensively in multiple fields of research and industry. In order to understand the behavior of nanomaterials suspended in a liquid, the knowledge of particle stability and mobility is fundamental. For this reason, it is necessary to know the nanoscale solid-solid interaction and the hydrodynamic properties of the particles. In the presented research we used a hybrid Atomic Force Microscope coupled with Optical Tweezers system to measure the femtonewton scale interaction forces acting between single particles and the walls of a microchannel at different separation distances and environmental conditions. We show an important improvement in a typical detection system that increases the signal to noise ratio for more accurate position detection at very low separation distances. Keywords: Optical Tweezers, Atomic Force Microscopy, particle-wall interaction, colloid stability Affiliations:
Zembrzycki K. | - | IPPT PAN | Kowalewski T.A. | - | IPPT PAN | Pawłowska S. | - | IPPT PAN | Chrzanowska-Giżyńska J. | - | IPPT PAN | Nowak M. | - | IPPT PAN | Walczak M. | - | IPPT PAN | Pierini F. | - | IPPT PAN |
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Cacko D., Walczak M., Lewandowski M., Low-Power Ultrasound Imaging on Mixed FPGA/GPU Systems,
IEEE 2018, IEEE Joint Conference - Acoustics, 2018-09-11/09-14, Ustka (PL), DOI: 10.1109/ACOUSTICS.2018.8502371, pp.42-47, 2018 Abstract: Portable and hand-held ultrasound imagers have the potential to revolutionize Point-of-Care medical diagnostics. There is great need for low-cost, portable scanners with extended battery life. In this paper, we focus on hardware-software partitioning in heterogeneous systems where both field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and graphics processing unit (GPU) resources are available. We present the architecture of a prototype test scanner for the evaluation of various hardware-software partitioning strategies. The system is equipped with the Intel Arria 10 FPGA and the Nvidia Tegra X2 mobile GPU. FPGA-based beamformers: Delay-and-Sum and Filtered Multiply-and-Sum, were implemented. These 32-channel beamformer blocks are integrated into a complete dataflow along with the data acquisition, RF filter, quadrature demodulator, and envelope detector. The designed dataflow allows one to allocate processing functions to either hardware (FPGA) or software (GPU) to explore various imaging scenarios and optimize power consumption. A dedicated measurement setup facilitates measuring power consumption of both FPGA and GPU. The developed setup will provide a reliable experimental system power characterization. Keywords: ultrasound imaging, ultrasound scanner, point-ofcare ultrasound, beamforming, low-power, FPGA, GPU processing Affiliations:
Cacko D. | - | IPPT PAN | Walczak M. | - | IPPT PAN | Lewandowski M. | - | IPPT PAN |
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Lewandowski M., Walczak M., Witek B., Steifer T., A GPU-based Ultrasound Phased-Array Research System for Non-destructive Testing,
IUS 2016, IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium, 2016-09-18/09-21, Tours (FR), DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.2016.7728843, pp.1-4, 2016 Abstract: Ultrasound Phased-Array (PA) systems for nondestructive testing (NDT) use standard beamforming for line-byline image creation. New methods utilizing full-matrix capture (FMC) enable the application of advance processing algorithms, such as the total focusing method and multi-pass adaptive techniques for enhanced flaw visualization. The effective FMC data acquisition and its real-time processing require a very high data throughput and powerful computational resources. Most commercial PA systems support some form of FMC acquisition, but the limited external data bandwidth prevents this mode of operation from being useful. We have developed a fully programmable ultrasound research system capable of performing FMC data acquisition and image reconstruction with a high framerate. The ultrasound platform is supporting up to 192 parallel TX/RX electronics channels integrated with an embedded control PC and a GPU cluster for parallel processing. The implemented software libraries give the end-user control over TX/RX schemes, the acquisition process and signal processing algorithms. This all-in-one system is a fully flexible tool for the research and evaluation of novel Phased-Array FMC imaging methods and complex signal processing algorithms. Keywords: GPU, ultrasound, Phased-Array Affiliations:
Lewandowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Walczak M. | - | IPPT PAN | Witek B. | - | IPPT PAN | Steifer T. | - | IPPT PAN |
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Witek B., Walczak M., Lewandowski M., Characterization of the STHV748 Integrated Pulser for Generating Push Sequences,
IUS 2015, IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium, 2015-10-21/10-24, Taipei (TW), DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.2015.0522, pp.1-4, 2015 Abstract: Ultrasound transmit push sequences put a high stress on a pulser IC due to power dissipation that could result in overheating. The aim of this work was to determine the safe range of parameters of push sequences for a high-voltage, high-speed, 4-channel pulser STHV748 (STMicroelectronics). The impact of using ceramic capacitors and electrolytic capacitors on the HV supply was also examined. The reaction of the pulser was measured with three output loading conditions. A safe range of values of pulser voltage for a given transmit frequency and sequence length were determined by monitoring chip temperature. Additionally, maximum pulse repetition frequency was evaluated in function of the maximum supply voltage. The STHV748 pulser is capable of generating push sequences. The duty-cycle is a key parameter that determines the safe operating conditions of the pulser. Limiting the amplitude of the HV supply enables us to increase push burst duration or decrease the frequency of the transmit signal. Keywords: acoustic radiation force, shear wave imaging, push sequences, HV pulser Affiliations:
Witek B. | - | IPPT PAN | Walczak M. | - | IPPT PAN | Lewandowski M. | - | IPPT PAN |
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Walczak M., Lewandowski M., Żołek N., Optimization of real-time ultrasound PCIe data streaming and OpenCL processing for SAFT imaging,
IUS 2013, IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium, 2013-07-21/07-25, Praga (CZ), DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.2013.0527, Vol.1, pp.2064-2067, 2013 Abstract: Our goal is to develop a complete ultrasound platform based on real-time SAFT (Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique) GPU processing. We are planning to integrate all the ultrasound modules and processing resources (GPU) in a single rack enclosure with the PCIe switch fabric backplane. The first developed module (RX64) provides acquisition and streaming of 64 ultrasound channels. We implemented and benchmarked data streaming from the RX64 to the GPU memory and the SAFT image reconstruction on the GPU. A high system performance was achieved using hardware assisted direct memory transfers and pipelined processing workflow. The complete system throughput, including 128 channel data transfer at 16kS per line and low-resolution 256×256 pixel image SAFT reconstruction on a single Nvidia K5000 GPU, reached 450 fps. The obtained results proved the feasibility of the ultrasound real-time imaging system with GPU SAFT processing. Keywords: ultrasonic imaging, synthetic aperture, GPGPU, FPGA Affiliations:
Walczak M. | - | IPPT PAN | Lewandowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Żołek N. | - | IPPT PAN |
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Lewandowski M., Sielewicz K., Walczak M., A Low-cost 32-channel Module with High-speed Digital Interfaces for Portable Ultrasound Systems,
IUS 2012, IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium, 2012-10-07/10-10, Dresden (DE), DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.2012.0159, pp.639-642, 2012 Abstract: There is a continuous trend towards small and portable ultrasound systems with multichannel processing. The objective of the work was to develop a modular acquisition and processing platform based on the following architecture principles: limited hardware processing, external high-speed data communication and software based on SAFT processing using embedded graphics processing unit (GPU). The acquisition module connected via PCIe or USB 3.0 interface can stream either raw RF data or demodulated ones. A low-power embedded PC with embedded GPU will implement ultrasound signal processing, as well as control and visualization functions. The performed feasibility study showed that AMD APU G-Series embedded x86 CPU+GPU is capable of real-time SAFT image reconstruction at limited resolution. Keywords: ultrasonic imaging, synthetic aperture, medical electronics, GPU, FPGA Affiliations:
Lewandowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Sielewicz K. | - | IPPT PAN | Walczak M. | - | IPPT PAN |
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10. |
Lewandowski M., Walczak M., Witek B., Kulesza P., Sielewicz K., Modular & Scalable Ultrasound Platform with GPU Processing,
IUS 2012, IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium, 2012-10-07/10-10, Dresden (DE), DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.2012.0518, pp.2071-2074, 2012 Abstract: The objective of our project is to develop a complete ultrasound platform with real-time GPU processing. The platform is designed to be modular and scalable both in number of ultrasound channels (64-256), as well as in communication bandwidth and processing power. By standardizing on the PCIe switch fabric, we are planning to integrate all the ultrasound modules and processing resources (GPU) in a single rack enclosure. Using PCIe direct peer-to-peer communication for transferring the data from the ultrasound acquisition modules to the GPUs, we maximize the system bandwidth and minimize CPU usage. The first developed module of our platform is RX64 - a 64-channel ultrasound acquisition PCIe card. The RX64 contains a high-end FPGA Altera Stratix IV 70 GX interfaced to: two 32-channels mixed-signal front-end ultrasound modules and two 64-bit 8GB DDR3 SO-DIMM memories for data buffering. We also develop GPU kernels for SAFT based ultrasound imaging, as well as GPU Framework for building complete signal processing pipeline. Keywords: ultrasonic imaging, synthetic aperture, GPU, FPGA Affiliations:
Lewandowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Walczak M. | - | IPPT PAN | Witek B. | - | IPPT PAN | Kulesza P. | - | IPPT PAN | Sielewicz K. | - | IPPT PAN |
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11. |
Walczak M., Kulesza P., Lewandowski M., Karwat P., Witek B., Implementacja w układzie FPGA wybranego filtru ech stałych dla wielobramkowego systemu Dopplera przezczaszkowego,
57 Otwarte Seminarium z Akustyki, 2010-09-20/09-24, Gliwice (PL), pp.209-212, 2010 Abstract: W artykule opisano wybór i implementację filtrów ech stałych w programowalnych układach logicznych (FPGA) dla ultradźwiękowego wielobramkowego systemu przezczaszkowego przepływomierza krwi opracowywanego w Zakładzie Ultradźwięków IPPT PAN. Implementacja filtrów w FPGA miała na celu redukcję obciążenia softwarowego przetwarzania sygnałów dopplerowskich. W pracy przedstawiono badania modelowe i porównanie filtrów ech stałych o skończonej odpowiedzi impulsowej (SOI) oraz nieskończonej odpowiedzi impulsowej (NOI). Przeanalizowany został zakres stabilnej pracy filtru NOI. Wyselekcjonowany filtr górnoprzepustowy typu SOI został następnie zaimplementowany i zoptymalizowany do architektury układów FPGA oraz zastosowania w przepływomierzu. Zastosowano ekonomiczny układ FPGA Altera Cyclone III EP3C25F324C8. Opracowany filtr ech stałych realizuje 100 identycznych górnoprzepustowych filtrów typu SOI, co zapewnia filtrowanie sygnału dopplerowskiego w 100 bramkach jednocześnie. Filtry operują na 16 bitowych próbkach sygnału, a ich charakterystyka jest programowalna przez 65 16-bitowych współczynników. Zweryfikowano poprawność przetwarzania na komputerze PC w środowisku Altera Quartus II 9.1 oraz ModelSim 6.5b poprzez symulacje i porównanie odpowiedzi impulsowej oraz skokowej filtrów. W wyniku opisanych prac powstała struktura logiczna filtru ech stałych przeznaczona do implementacji w układzie FPGA Cyclone III, zajmująca 5% zasobów logicznych układu oraz 34% zasobów pamięciowych. Keywords: ultradźwiękowy Doppler przezczaszkowy, filtry ech stałych, cyfrowe przetwarzanie, FPGA Affiliations:
Walczak M. | - | IPPT PAN | Kulesza P. | - | IPPT PAN | Lewandowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Karwat P. | - | IPPT PAN | Witek B. | - | IPPT PAN |
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12. |
Lewandowski M., Walczak M., Nowicki A., Compact modular Doppler system with digital RF processing,
IUS 2009, IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium, 2009-09-20/09-23, Rzym (IT), DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.2009.5441933, pp.1848-1851, 2009 Abstract: Doppler instruments are widely used for evaluation of the hemodynamic of vascular circulation. The objective of the work was to develop a modular acquisition and processing system to enable the construction of various ultrasound instruments. The developed system consists of two electronic boards with dimensions of 130x82mm in sandwich configuration. Digital signal processing was based on an efficient DSP (Blackfin BF537, Analog Devices, USA) with 128MB RAM and an FPGA (Cyclone III EP3C25, Altera, USA). The system can work as a standalone device with the limited user interface or as a PC peripheral under the control of the application software. The dual channel transcranial PW Doppler flowmeter with multigate processing has been the first application of the developed platform. The acquisition module provides the A/D sampling at 64 MSPS rate with 14-bits resolution and supports ultrasonic transducers within the range of 1–16 MHz. The PC software performs signal processing and visualization of color Doppler, spectrum, flow profile and audio. The developed system is a modern technical solution which enables to build portable Doppler instruments of different classes. The developed prototype of transcranial Doppler will be introduced into production soon. Keywords: ultrasound Doppler systems, transcranial aplications, digital RF processing, DSP, FPGA Affiliations:
Lewandowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Walczak M. | - | IPPT PAN | Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN |
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