1. |
Wójcik J., Secomski W., Żołek N., The forces driving streaming in the presence of scatterers mimicking the blood cells and the contrast agents,
ARCHIVES OF ACOUSTICS, ISSN: 0137-5075, DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2019.129722, Vol.44, No.4, pp.659-668, 2019 Streszczenie: Acoustical Driving Forces (ADF), induced by propagating waves in a homogeneous and inhomogeneous lossy fluid (suspension), are determined and compared depending on the concentration of suspended particles. Using integral equations of the scattering theory, the single particle (inclusion) ADF was calculated as the integral of the flux of the momentum density tensor components over the heterogeneity surface. The possibility of negative ADF was indicated. Originally derived, the total ADF acting on inclusions only, stochastically distributed in ambient fluid, was determined as a function of its concentration. The formula for the relative increase in ADF, resulting from increased concentration was derived. Numerical ADF calculations are presented. In experiments the streaming velocities in a blood-mimicking starch suspension (2 μm radius) in water and Bracco BR14 contrast agent (SF6 gas capsules, 1 μm radius) were measured as the function of different inclusions concentration. The source of the streaming and ADF was a plane 2 mm diameter 20 MHz ultrasonic transducer. Velocity was estimated from the averaged Doppler spectrum obtained from originally developed pulsed Doppler flowmeter. Numerical calculations of the theoretically derived formula showed very good agreement with the experimental results. Słowa kluczowe: streaming suspension, scattering, acoustical driving force, Doppler measurements, contrast agents Afiliacje autorów:
Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Secomski W. | - | IPPT PAN | Żołek N. | - | IPPT PAN |
|  | 70p. |
2. |
Byra M., Wójcik J., Nowicki A., Using Empirical Mode Decomposition of Backscattered Ultrasound Signal Power Spectrum for Assessment of Tissue Compression,
ARCHIVES OF ACOUSTICS, ISSN: 0137-5075, DOI: 10.24425/123916, Vol.43, No.3, pp.447-453, 2018 Streszczenie: Quantitative ultrasound has been widely used for tissue characterization. In this paper we propose a new approach for tissue compression assessment. The proposed method employs the relation between the tissue scatterers' local spatial distribution and the resulting frequency power spectrum of the backscat- tered ultrasonic signal. We show that due to spatial distribution of the scatterers, the power spectrum exhibits characteristic variations. These variations can be extracted using the empirical mode decomposition and analyzed. Validation of our approach is performed by simulations and in-vitro experiments using a tissue sample under compression. The scatterers in the compressed tissue sample approach each other and consequently, the power spectrum of the backscattered signal is modified. We present how to assess this phenomenon with our method. The proposed in this paper approach is general and may provide useful information on tissue scattering properties. Słowa kluczowe: tissue characterization, tissue compression, quantitative ultrasound, empirical mode decomposition, signal anaysis Afiliacje autorów:
Byra M. | - | IPPT PAN | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN |
|  | 20p. |
3. |
Wójcik J., Gambin B., Theoretical and numerical aspects of nonlinear reflection–transmission phenomena in acoustics,
Applied Mathematical Modelling, ISSN: 0307-904X, DOI: 10.1016/j.apm.2016.10.026, Vol.42, pp.100-113, 2017 Streszczenie: Equations of nonlinear acoustic wave motion in a non-classical lossy medium are used to derive generalised formulas describing the phenomena of reflection and transmission. Integral, non-local operators that are caused by the nonlinear effects in wave propagation and occur in reflection and transmission formulas are given in a form in which classical linear reflection and transmission coefficients are explicitly separated. Numerical calculations are performed for a simplified, one-dimensional wave travelling in a lossless medium. These simplifications reveal the pure effect of the impact of nonlinearities on the reflection and transmission phenomena. We consider adjacent media with different properties to illustrate various aspects of the problem. In particular, even if two media have the same linear impedance and the same material modules of the third order, we observe an explicit effect of the nonlinearity on the reflection phenomenon. The theoretical predictions are confirmed qualitatively by numerical calculations based on the finite difference time domain method. Słowa kluczowe: non-linear sound wave, non-linear reflection, non-classical absorption, soft tissues Afiliacje autorów:
Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Gambin B. | - | IPPT PAN |
|  | 35p. |
4. |
Wójcik J., Lewandowski M., Żołek N., Grating Lobes Suppression by Adding Virtual Receiving Subaperture in Synthetic Aperture Imaging,
Ultrasonics, ISSN: 0041-624X, DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2016.12.013, Vol.76, pp.125-135, 2017 Streszczenie: A method of suppression of grating lobes is presented, analyzed, and verified. The method is based on creating a Virtual Receiving Subaperture (VRS) by adding virtual transducer elements not existing in the physical layout of the receiver. The VRS channels are filled with data based on signals from real channels. The analytical model of the synthetic aperture imaging system's impulse response is presented to describe the properties of the VRS. The model shows a reduction of the receiving grating lobes' amplitude (with a comparison to the main lobe’s amplitude) by a magnitude equal to the number of receiving transducer elements. It is shown that effective properties of the entire system with a VRS are similar to a system with a pitch in the receiving aperture that is twice as small. The numerical calculations of the impulse response show a doubling of the signal to noise ratio, which results in a reduction of the receiving grating lobes. For experimental validation, the generalized Plane Wave Imaging with and without the VRS is compared with a basic synthetic transmit aperture (STA) imaging. The experiment confirmed that the use of a VRS allows for visualizat ion of the objects in a medium in which they are not imaged without a VRS or are visualized with a lower contrast. The reduction of grating lobes attained using the proposed method is at the level of 15dB in the visualization of the superficial cyst. Słowa kluczowe: grating lobes, image quality, synthetic aperture, virtual subaperture Afiliacje autorów:
Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Lewandowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Żołek N. | - | IPPT PAN |
|  | 35p. |
5. |
Secomski W., Wójcik J., Klimonda Z., Olszewski R., Nowicki A., Influence of absorption and scattering on the velocity of acoustic streaming,
HYDROACOUSTICS, ISSN: 1642-1817, Vol.20, No.1, pp.159-166, 2017 Streszczenie: Streaming velocity depends on intensity and absorption of ultrasound in the media. In some cases, such as ultrasound scattered on blood cells at high frequencies, or the presence of ultrasound contrast agents, scattering affects the streaming speed. The velocities of acoustic streaming in a blood-mimicking starch suspension in water and Bracco BR14 contrast agent were measured. The source of the streaming was a plane 20MHz ultrasonic transducer. Velocity was estimated from the averaged Doppler spectrum. The single particle driving force was calculated as the integral of the momentum density tensor components. For different starch concentrations, the streaming velocity increased from 8.9 to 12.5mm/s. This corresponds to a constant 14% velocity increase for a 1 g/l increase in starch concentration. For BR14, the streaming velocity remained constant at 7.2mm/s and was independent of the microbubbles concentration. The velocity was less than in reference, within 0.5mm/s measurement error. Theoretical calculations showed a 16% increase in streaming velocity for 1 g/l starch concentration rise, very similar to the experimental results. The theory has also shown the ability to reduce the streaming velocity by low-density scatterers, as was experimentally proved using the BR14 contrast agent. Słowa kluczowe: ultrasound, radiation force, starch, contrast agent, blood, thrombolysis Afiliacje autorów:
Secomski W. | - | IPPT PAN | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Klimonda Z. | - | IPPT PAN | Olszewski R. | - | IPPT PAN | Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN |
|  | 6p. |
6. |
Gambin B., Wójcik J., Doubrovina O.♦, Differentiation of random structure properties using wavelet analysis of backscattered ultrasound,
HYDROACOUSTICS, ISSN: 1642-1817, Vol.19, pp.121-128, 2016 Streszczenie: The aim of this work was to find the differences between random media by analyzing the properties of the ultrasound signals backscattered from the inhomogeneities. A numerical model is used to generate two types of random media. The first has the randomness in scatterers’ positions and the second has the randomness in the size and acoustical properties of scatterers. The numerical model of wave scattering has been used to simulate the RF (radio frequency) signals caused by the incident pulse traveling as a plane wave. The markers of randomness type differences between the scattering media were obtained with the help of the spectral and wavelet analysis. The effect of differences in randomness type is more spectacular when the wavelet analysis is performed. Słowa kluczowe: spectrogram, scalogram, wavelets, random scattering structure Afiliacje autorów:
Gambin B. | - | IPPT PAN | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Doubrovina O. | - | Belarussian State University (BY) |
|  | 6p. |
7. |
Wójcik J., Byra M., Nowicki A., A spectral-based method for tissue characterization,
HYDROACOUSTICS, ISSN: 1642-1817, Vol.19, pp.369-375, 2016 Streszczenie: Quantitative ultrasound methods are widely investigated as a promising tool for tissue characterization. In this paper, a novel quantitative method is developed which can be used to assess scattering properties of tissues. The proposed method is based on analysis of oscillations of the backscattered echo power spectrum. It is shown that these oscillations of the power spectrum are connected with the distances between scatterers within the medium. Two techniques are proposed to assess the scatterer’s distribution. First, we show that the inverse Fourier transform of the backscattered echo power spectrum corresponds to a histogram of the distances between scatterers. Second, the Hilbert-Huang transform is used to directly extract the power spectrum oscillations. Both methods are examined by means of a numerical experiment. A cellular gas model of a biological medium is considered. Results are presented and discussed. Both methods can be used to evaluate the scatterer’s distribution by means of the power spectrum oscillations. Słowa kluczowe: quantitative ultrasound, signal analysis, wave scattering Afiliacje autorów:
Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Byra M. | - | IPPT PAN | Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN |
|  | 6p. |
8. |
Trawiński Z., Wójcik J., Nowicki A., Olszewski R.♦, Balcerzak A., Frankowska E.♦, Zegadło A.♦, Rydzyński P.♦, Strain examinations of the left ventricle phantom by ultrasound and multislices computed tomography imaging,
Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, ISSN: 0208-5216, DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2015.03.001, Vol.35, pp.255-263, 2015 Streszczenie: The main aim of this study was to verify the suitability of the hydrogel sonographic model of the left ventricle (LV) in the computed tomography (CT) environment and echocardiography and compare the radial strain calculations obtained by two different techniques: the speckle tracking ultrasonography and the multislices computed tomography (MSCT). The measurement setup consists of the LV model immersed in a cylindrical tank filled with water, hydraulic pump, the ultrasound scanner, hydraulic pump controller, pressure measurement system of water inside the LV model, and iMac workstation. The phantom was scanned using a 3.5 MHz Artida Toshiba ultrasound scanner unit at two angle positions: 0° and 25°. In this work a new method of assessment of RF speckles’ tracking. LV phantom was also examined using the CT 750 HD 64-slice MSCT machine (GE Healthcare). The results showed that the radial strain (RS) was independent on the insonifying angle or the pump rate. The results showed a very good agreement, at the level of 0.9%, in the radial strain assessment between the ultrasound M-mode technique and multislice CT examination. The study indicates the usefulness of the ultrasonographic LV model in the CT technique. The presented ultrasonographic LV phantom may be used to analyze left ventricle wall strains in physiological as well as pathological conditions. CT, ultrasound M-mode techniques, and author's speckle tracking algorithm, can be used as reference methods in conducting comparative studies using ultrasound scanners of various manufacturers. Słowa kluczowe: Computed tomography, Echocardiography, Left ventricle, Speckles tracking, Strain, Ultrasound phantoms Afiliacje autorów:
Trawiński Z. | - | IPPT PAN | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN | Olszewski R. | - | inna afiliacja | Balcerzak A. | - | IPPT PAN | Frankowska E. | - | Military Medical Institute (PL) | Zegadło A. | - | inna afiliacja | Rydzyński P. | - | inna afiliacja |
|  | 15p. |
9. |
Gambin B., Kruglenko E., Wójcik J., Relationship between thermal and ultrasound fields in breast tissue in vivo,
HYDROACOUSTICS, ISSN: 1642-1817, Vol.18, pp.53-58, 2015 Streszczenie: The study shows the direct relationship between the temperature field and the parallel changes that are taking place in backscattered ultrasonic signals from the breast tissue in vivo when heated to the temperature of approximately 42 o C. The non-uniform temperature field inside the heating tissue was determined by the numerical model using FEM. It is shown that the spatial distribution of intensities of the backscattered signals coincides with the temperature distribution field predicted by the numerical model in some areas. The result indicates the possibility of the indirect measurement of the temperature rise in the breast tissue in vivo by measuring the intensity variations of the ultrasound echo. Słowa kluczowe: temperature field, backscattered ultrasonic signals, breast tissue in vivo, FEM model Afiliacje autorów:
Gambin B. | - | IPPT PAN | Kruglenko E. | - | IPPT PAN | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN |
|  | 6p. |
10. |
Wójcik J., Gambin B., Litniewski J., Theoretical results and numerical study on the nonlinear reflection and transmission of plane sound waves,
HYDROACOUSTICS, ISSN: 1642-1817, Vol.18, pp.181-192, 2015 Streszczenie: The comparison between theoretical and numerical solutions of the reflection/transmission problem for the acoustic plane wave normally incident on the discontinuity surface between two nonlinear lossy media was presented. Numerical calculations made under the assumption that the two media have the same impedance, allow to single out the effect of nonlinearities in the description of the reflection and transmission phenomena, so they agreed with theoretical predictions. It was shown that theoretically obtained and numerically calculated results mutually confirmed themselves Słowa kluczowe: Nonliear reflection, transmission, Riccati equation Afiliacje autorów:
Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Gambin B. | - | IPPT PAN | Litniewski J. | - | IPPT PAN |
|  | 6p. |
11. |
Tasinkevych Y., Podhajecki J., Wójcik J., Falińska K., Litniewski J., Estimation of layer thickness by the cost function optimization: phantom study,
HYDROACOUSTICS, ISSN: 1642-1817, Vol.18, pp.161-166, 2015 Streszczenie: The aim of this work is to present preliminary results of the layer thickness assessment method based on optimization approach. The developed method is based on a multilayer model structure. The measured acoustic signal reflected from the layer is compared with a simulated signal on the basis of a multilayer model. The cost function is defined as the difference between the reflected signal measured using pulse echo approach and the simulated signal. The thickness of the solid layer is the parameter which minimizes the cost function yielding desired solution. Minimization of the cost function is performed with the simulated annealing algorithm. The results obtained with the developed method using measurement data of a custom design model are compared with the reference value and the accuracy of the method is checked. The relative error of the thickness estimation is 1.44 %. Słowa kluczowe: Bone quantitative ultrasound, Human cortical bone, Human cancellous bone, Ultrasound attenuation, Layered media Afiliacje autorów:
Tasinkevych Y. | - | IPPT PAN | Podhajecki J. | - | IPPT PAN | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Falińska K. | - | IPPT PAN | Litniewski J. | - | IPPT PAN |
|  | 6p. |
12. |
Nowicki A., Byra M., Litniewski J., Wójcik J., Ultrasound imaging of stiffness with two frequency pulse,
HYDROACOUSTICS, ISSN: 1642-1817, Vol.17, pp.151-160, 2014 Streszczenie: Nowadays there are new modalities in ultrasound imaging allowing better characterization of tissue regions with different stiffness. We are proposing a novel approach based on compression and rarefaction of tissue simultaneously with imaging. The propagating wave is a combination of two pulses. A low frequency pulse is expected to change the local scattering properties of the tissue due to compression/rarefaction while a high frequency pulse is used for imaging. Two transmissions are performed for each scanning line. First, with the imaging pulse that propagates on maximum compression caused by a low frequency wave. Next, the low frequency wave is inverted and the imaging pulse propagates over the maximum rarefaction. After the processing of the subtracted echoes from subsequent transmissions including wavelet transform and band-pass filtering, differential images were reconstructed. The low frequency wave has a visible impact on the scattering properties of the tissue which can be observed on a differential image. Afiliacje autorów:
Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN | Byra M. | - | IPPT PAN | Litniewski J. | - | IPPT PAN | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN |
|  | 7p. |
13. |
Trawiński Z., Wójcik J., Nowicki A., Balcerzak A., Olszewski R.♦, Frankowska E.♦, Zegadło A.♦, Rydzyński P.♦, Assessment of left ventricle phantom wall compressibility by ultrasound and computed tomography methods,
HYDROACOUSTICS, ISSN: 1642-1817, Vol.17, pp.211-218, 2014 Streszczenie: The present work concerns the sonographic model of the left ventricle (LV) examined in the Computed Tomography (CT) environment and compare radial strain calculations obtained by two different techniques: the speckle tracking ultrasonography and the Multislices Computed Tomography (MSCT). The Left Ventricular (LF) phantom was fabricated from 10% solution of the poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). Our model of the LV was driven by the computer- controlled hydraulic piston Super -Pump (Vivitro Inc., Canada) with adjustable fluid volumes. The stroke volume was set at of 24ml. The fluid pressure was changed within range of 0- 60 mmHg, and the pulse rate was of 60 cycles/per minute. The relationships between computer controlled left ventricular wall deformations and its visual izations of the echocardiographic and CT imaging, both in the normal and pathological conditions were examined. The difference of assessment the Radial Strain between two methods was not exceeding 1.1%. Afiliacje autorów:
Trawiński Z. | - | IPPT PAN | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN | Balcerzak A. | - | IPPT PAN | Olszewski R. | - | inna afiliacja | Frankowska E. | - | Military Medical Institute (PL) | Zegadło A. | - | inna afiliacja | Rydzyński P. | - | inna afiliacja |
|  | 7p. |
14. |
Trawiński Z., Wójcik J., Nowicki A., Olszewski R.♦, Dynamic Ultrasonic Model of Left Ventricle,
HYDROACOUSTICS, ISSN: 1642-1817, Vol.16, pp.231-236, 2013 Streszczenie: Two different tissue phantoms of the left ventricle to imitate a beating left ventricle were developed: first was prepared using a sponge material and second phantom was constructed using a polyvinyl alcohol material modeled into a homogeneous hollow cylinder: approximately 10 cm and 12 cm in length for the first and second phantom, respectively. Both phantoms were 5 cm in diameter, with a wall thickness of 1.0 cm. Additionally, a small part of the wall of the second phantom was processed to simulate the stiffness of myocardial infarction. The phantoms were connected at the end to an adjustable external pump. The pulse volume inside the cylinder was set between 12 to 50 ml at rates of 40, 60, 100, 120 beats/minute. The phantoms were immersed in water for ultrasound scanning with two different insonation angles (90 and 65 degrees). Strain and strain rate were measured with different combinations of angles and pulse rates. The main aim of this work was to develop the new method for validation of the human infarct wall strain calculation procedures using the speckles tracking. Słowa kluczowe: soft tissue, phantom, ultrasound Afiliacje autorów:
Trawiński Z. | - | IPPT PAN | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN | Olszewski R. | - | inna afiliacja |
|  | 7p. |
15. |
Wójcik J., Filipczyński L., Nowicki A., Foundation of the new method of numerical calculations of the nonlinear acoustics fields,
HYDROACOUSTICS, ISSN: 1642-1817, Vol.16, pp.253-262, 2013 Streszczenie: We explain, motivation behind this work and briefly describe foundation of new method which we have developed for efficient solution in PC environment of the nonlinear propagation equation with the boundary conditions applied for both circular and not circular transducers (like array). Comparison between new and old method will be presented for strongly nonlinear disturbance. At the end we will demonstrate the results of the numerical calculations of the nonlinear field propagating from the array. Słowa kluczowe: Nonliear propagation, Envelope waves, Fast calculations Afiliacje autorów:
Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Filipczyński L. | - | IPPT PAN | Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN |
|  | 7p. |
16. |
Olszewski R.♦, Trawiński Z., Wójcik J., Nowicki A., Mathematical and Ultrasonographic Model of the Left Ventricle:in Vitro Studies,
ARCHIVES OF ACOUSTICS, ISSN: 0137-5075, Vol.37, No.4, pp.583-595, 2012 Streszczenie: The main objective of this study is to develop an echocardiographic model of the left ventricular and numerical modeling of the speckles- markers tracking in the ultrasound (ultrasonographic) imaging of the left ventricle. The work is aimed at the creation of controlled and mobile environment that enables to examine the relationships between left ventricular wall deformations and visualizations of these states in the form of echocardiographic imaging and relations between the dynamically changing distributions of tissue markers of studied structures. Słowa kluczowe: left ventricle, echocardiography, speckle modeling, ultrasound phantoms, strain, strain rate Afiliacje autorów:
Olszewski R. | - | inna afiliacja | Trawiński Z. | - | IPPT PAN | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN |
|  | 15p. |
17. |
Wójcik J., Trots I., Lewandowski M., Nowicki A., Cumulative Method of the Image Reconstruction in Synthetic Aperture. Experimental Results,
HYDROACOUSTICS, ISSN: 1642-1817, Vol.15, pp.195-206, 2012 Streszczenie: An analytical model of imaging using synthetic aperture (SA) methods is presented. This model takes into account: fundamental features of an environment, of an electric transmission/reception path and a description of SA structure - possible schemes of transmission, reception and image formation. Then two schemes are analyzed: a proposed cumulative synthetic transmit aperture (CSTA) and for comparison of the standard STA schemes. For both methods identical basic parameters - equal sequences of transmit and receive transducers were applied. The distinctive feature of CSTA is gathering (summing up) echoes of subsequent transmissions in one acquisition mat ix sufficient for image reconstruction. In traditionally applied STA methods a separate acquisition matrix for each transmission is created. Therefore there are a dozen to several dozen more matrices and the time of image reconstruction is at least several times longer than in CSTA. The presented experimental results obtained using wire and tissue mimicking phantoms have shown the comparable imaging quality in both methods. Słowa kluczowe: ultrasound imaging, synthetic aperture Afiliacje autorów:
Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Trots I. | - | IPPT PAN | Lewandowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN |
|  | 4p. |
18. |
Wójcik J., Litniewski J., Nowicki A., Modeling and analysis of multiple scattering of acoustic waves in complex media: Application to the trabecular bone,
JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, ISSN: 0001-4966, Vol.130, No.4, pp.1908-1918, 2011 Streszczenie: The integral equations that describe scattering in the media with step-rise changing parameters have been numerically solved for the trabecular bone model. The model consists of several hundred discrete randomly distributed elements. The spectral distribution of scattering coefficients in subse- quent orders of scattering has been presented. Calculations were carried on for the ultrasonic frequency ranging from 0.5 to 3 MHz. Evaluation of the contribution of the first, second, and higher scattering orders to total scattering of the ultrasounds in trabecular bone was done. Contrary to the approaches that use the lCT images of trabecular structure to modeling of the ultrasonic wave propagation condition, the 3D numerical model consisting of cylindrical elements mimicking the spatial matrix of trabeculae, was applied. The scattering, due to interconnections between thick trabeculae, usually neglected in trabecular bone models, has been included in calculations when the structure backscatter was evaluated. Influence of the absorption in subsequent orders of scattering is also addressed. Results show that up to 1.5 MHz, the influence of higher scattering orders on the total scattered field characteristic can be neglected while for the higher frequencies, the relatively high amplitude interference peaks in higher scattering orders clearly occur. Słowa kluczowe: Multiple scattering, Complex media, Bone Afiliacje autorów:
Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Litniewski J. | - | IPPT PAN | Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN |
|  | 35p. |
19. |
Litniewski J., Cieślik L., Wójcik J., Nowicki A., Statistics of the envelope of ultrasonic backscatter from human trabecular bone,
JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, ISSN: 0001-4966, Vol.130, No.4, pp.2224-2232, 2011 Streszczenie: The paper describes the investigations intended to compare the results of experimental measurements f backscattering properties of the trabecular bone with the results of computer simulations. Ultrasonic RF echoes were collected using two bone scanners operating at 0.58 and 1.3 MHz. The simulations of the backscattered RF echoes were performed using the scattering model of the trabecular bone that consisted of cylindrical and spherical elements uniformly distributed in waterlike medium. For each measured or simulated RF backscatter the statistical properties of the signal envelope were determined. Experimental results suggest deviations of the backscattering properties from the Rayleigh distribution. The results of simulation suggest that deviation from Rayleigh distribution depends on the variation of trabeculae diameters and the number of thin trabeculae. Experimentally determined deviations corresponded well to the deviations calculated from simulated echoes assuming trabeculae thickness variation equaled to the earlier published histomorphometric study results. Słowa kluczowe: trabecular bone, scattering statistics, bone model Afiliacje autorów:
Litniewski J. | - | IPPT PAN | Cieślik L. | - | IPPT PAN | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN |
|  | 35p. |
20. |
Nowicki A., Lewandowski M., Wójcik J., Tymkiewicz R., Lou-Moller R.♦, Wolny W.♦, Zawada T.♦, Thick Film Transducers for High Frequency Coded Ultrasonography,
ARCHIVES OF ACOUSTICS, ISSN: 0137-5075, Vol.36, No.4, pp.945-954, 2011 Streszczenie: Recently a new technology of piezoelectric transducers based on PZT thick film has been developed as a response to a call for devices working at higher frequencies suitable for production in large numbers at low cost. Eight PZT thick film based focused transducers with resonant frequency close to 40 MHz were fabricated and experimentally investigated. The PZT thick films were deposited on acoustically engineered ceramic substrates by pad printing. Considering high frequency and nonlinear propagation it has been decided to evaluate the axial pressure field emitted (and reflected by thick metal plate) by each of concave transducer differing in radius of curvature – 11 mm, 12 mm, 15 mm, 16 mm.
All transducers were activated using AVTEC AVG-3A-PS transmitter and Ritec diplexer connected directly to Agilent 54641D oscilloscope. As anticipated, in all cases the focal distance was up to 10% closer to the transducer face than the one related to the curvature radius. Axial pressure distributions were also compared to the calculated ones (with the experimentally determined boundary conditions) using the angular spectrum method including nonlinear propagation in water. The computed results are in a very good agreement with the experimental ones. The transducers were excited with Golay coded sequences at 35–40 MHz. Introducing the coded excitation allowed replacing the short-burst transmission at 20 MHz with the same peak amplitude pressure, but with almost double center frequency, resulting in considerably better axial resolution. The thick films exhibited at least 30% bandwidth broadening comparing to the standard PZ 27 transducer, resulting in an increase in matching filtering output by a factor of 1.4–1.5 and finally resulting in a SNR gain of the same order. Słowa kluczowe: transducers, thick film, high frequency ultrasound, pulse compression, Golay codes Afiliacje autorów:
Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN | Lewandowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Tymkiewicz R. | - | IPPT PAN | Lou-Moller R. | - | InSensor A/S (DK) | Wolny W. | - | InSensor A/S (DK) | Zawada T. | - | Ferroperm Piezoceramics A/S (DK) |
|  | 15p. |
21. |
Wójcik J., Litniewski J., Nowicki A., Gambin B., Applying crystallography in analysis of trabecular bone backscatter,
HYDROACOUSTICS, ISSN: 1642-1817, Vol.14, pp.255-266, 2011 Streszczenie: Some important details of the Backscatter Effective Cross-Sections (BECS) obtained for random scattering structures (like trabecular bone) are explain by comparison with the results obtained by means of the simplified theoretical model. The simplified model was (establish) and justified on the basis of the structural analysis of the results obtained for exact model of the field scattering on complex structures. The simplified model is commonly used in description of the scattering on the regular structures like crystal. Comparison with experimental results for the trabecular bone is also presented. The results allowed to conclude that crystallographic methods could be potentially useful for extracting characteristic features of trabecular bone.
Słowa kluczowe: Multi scattering, Random structures Afiliacje autorów:
Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Litniewski J. | - | IPPT PAN | Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN | Gambin B. | - | IPPT PAN |
|  | 4p. |
22. |
Secomski W., Nowicki A., Wójcik J., Lewandowski M., Walczak M., Tymkiewicz R., Annular array transducer and matched amplifier for therapeutic ultrasound,
ARCHIVES OF ACOUSTICS, ISSN: 0137-5075, DOI: 10.2478/v10168-010-0049-6, Vol.35, No.4, pp.653-660, 2010 Streszczenie: The use of therapeutic ultrasound continues to grow. A focused ultrasonic wave can increase the tissue temperature locally for the non-invasive cancer treatment or other medical applications. The authors have designed a seven-element annular array transducer operating at 2.4 MHz. Each element was excited by sine burst supplied by a linear amplifier and FPGA control circuits. The acoustic field, generated by a transducer was initially numerically simulated in a computer and next compared to water tank hydrophone measurements performed at 20, 40 and 60 mm focal depth. The results showed good agreement of the measurements with theory and the possibility to focus the ultrasound in the preselected area. The total acoustic power radiated by the annular array was equal to 2.4W. Słowa kluczowe: ultrasonic therapy, annular array transducer, ultrasonic field Afiliacje autorów:
Secomski W. | - | IPPT PAN | Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Lewandowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Walczak M. | - | IPPT PAN | Tymkiewicz R. | - | IPPT PAN |
|  | 9p. |
23. |
Wójcik J., Litniewski J., Nowicki A., Example of structure modeling and analysis of ultrasound scattering for trabecular bone,
ARCHIVES OF ACOUSTICS, ISSN: 0137-5075, Vol.35, No.4, pp.701-713, 2010 Streszczenie: A trabecular bone consists of trabeculae whose mechanical properties differ significantly from the surrounding marrow, therefore an ultrasonic wave propagating within the bone structure is strongly scattered. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the contribution of the first, second and higher order scattering (multiple scattering) into the total scattering of ultrasound in a trabecular bone. The scattering due to the interconnections between thick trabeculae, usually neglected in trabecular bone models, has been also studied. The basic element in our model of the trabecular bone was an elastic cylinder with a various finite-length and diameter as well as orientation. The applied model was taking into account variation of both, elements size and their spatial configuration. The field scattered on the bone model was evaluated by solving numerically the integral form of the generalized Sturm-Liouville equation describing a scalar wave in inhomogeneous and lossy media. For the scattered fields calculated numerically the effective cross-sections were determined. The influence of absorption on the scattering coefficients was demonstrated. The results allowed to conclude that within the frequency range from 0.5 to 1.5 MHz contribution of the second order scattering to the effective backscattering cross-section is at least 500 times lower than that due to the first order scattering. It was noticed that for a frequency higher than 1.5 MHz fast growth of the backscattering (reflection) coefficients, calculated for the second order scattering, occurs. Słowa kluczowe: multi-scattering, random complex structures, trabecular bone model Afiliacje autorów:
Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Litniewski J. | - | IPPT PAN | Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN |
|  | 9p. |
24. |
Kujawska T., Wójcik J., Nowicki A., Temperature fields induced in rat liver in vitro by pulsed low intensity focused ultrasound,
HYDROACOUSTICS, ISSN: 1642-1817, Vol.13, pp.153-162, 2010 Streszczenie: Beneficial biological effects in soft tissues can be induced by focused ultrasound of low intensity (LIFU). For example, increasing of cells immunity to stress can be accomplished through the enhanced heat shock proteins (Hsp) expression induced by the low intensity focused ultrasound. The possibility to control the Hsp expression enhancement in soft tissues in vivo can be the potential new therapeutic approach to neurodegenerative diseases that utilizes the known feature of cells to increase their immunity to stresses through the Hsp expression enhancement. The controlling of the Hsp expression enhancement by adjusting the level of exposure to ultrasound energy would allow evaluating of ultrasound-mediated treatment efficiency. Our objective was to develop the numerical model capable of predicting in space and time temperature fields induced in multilayer nonlinear attenuating media by a circular focused transducer generating pulsed acoustic waves and to compare the results calculated for two-layer configuration of media: water - fresh rat liver with the experimental data. The measurements of temperature variations versus time at 5 points on the acoustic beam axis within the tissue sample were performed using 0.2-mm diameter thermocouples. Temperature fields were induced by the transducer with 15-mm diameter, 25-mm focal length and 2-MHz centre frequency generating tone bursts with the intensity ISPTA varied between 0.45 W/cm2 and 1.7 W/cm2 and duration varied between 20 and 500 cycles at the same 20-% duty cycle and 20-min exposure time. Quantitative analysis of the obtained results allowed to show that, for example, for the acoustic beam with intensity ISPTA = 1.13 W/cm2 exposure time to ultrasound should not be longer than 10 min to avoid cells necrosis following the 43-oC temperature threshold exceeding. Słowa kluczowe: low intensity focused ultrasound, soft tissues, temperature fields, ultrasonic regimes, therapy efficiency Afiliacje autorów:
Kujawska T. | - | IPPT PAN | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN |
|  | 6p. |
25. |
Litniewski J., Nowicki A., Wójcik J., Ultrasonic characterization of trabecular bone: Two scatterers’ population model,
Physics Procedia, ISSN: 1875-3892, DOI: 10.1016/j.phpro.2010.01.089, Vol.3, pp.707-712, 2010 Streszczenie: The paper describes the computer simulations allowing investigating the properties of the ultrasound pulse-echo signal, as it is received on the transducer surface after scattering in trabecular bone. A novel computer simulation model provides better understanding of ultrasonic scattering in porous bone structure and it can be also used to yield an ideal environment in which, the effects of various parameters (scatterer mechanical and geometrical properties, scatterer’ concentration), the shape of incident wave and experimental conditions influencing the scattering of ultrasonic waves in trabecular bone structure can be examined individually. The results proved that the computer simulation has a particular relevance in studying scattering in cancellous bone which may be approximated as a collection of two populations of scatterers, cylindrical and spherical that imitate thick and thin trabeculae respectively. Słowa kluczowe: bone modeling, scattering simulation, osteoporosis, trabecular bone Afiliacje autorów:
Litniewski J. | - | IPPT PAN | Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN |
|  |
26. |
Nowicki A., Wójcik J., Kujawska T., Nonlinearly coded signals for harmonic imaging,
ARCHIVES OF ACOUSTICS, ISSN: 0137-5075, Vol.34, No.1, pp.63-74, 2009 Streszczenie: In this paper a new method utilizing nonlinear properties of tissues to improve contrast-to-noise ratio is presented. In our novel method the focused circular transducer is excited with two-tone bursts (including the 2.2 MHz fundamental and 4.4 MHz second harmonic frequencies) with specially coded polarization of each tone. This new approach was named Multitone Nonlinear Coding (MNC) because the choice of both tones polarization and amplitude law, allowing optimization of the probe receiving properties, depends on nonlinear properties of tissue. The numerical simulations of nonlinear fields in water and in tissue-like medium with absorption coefficient of 7 Np/(m•MHz) are performed. The comparison between the proposed method and the Pulse Inverse (PI) method is presented. The concept of the virtual fields was introduced to explain properties of both the Pulse Inversion and MNC methods and to compare their abilities. It was shown that for the same on-source pressure an application of the MNC method allows to decrease the mechanical index about 40 %, to improve lateral resolution from 10 to 30 % and to gain the signal-to-noise ratio up to 8 times with respect to the PI method. Słowa kluczowe: harmonic imaging, ultrasonography, nonlinear propagation Afiliacje autorów:
Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Kujawska T. | - | IPPT PAN |
|  | 9p. |
27. |
Wójcik J., Litniewski J., Nowicki A., Multiple scattering contribution to trabecular bone backscatter,
HYDROACOUSTICS, ISSN: 1642-1817, Vol.12, pp.227-236, 2009 Streszczenie: Integral equations that describe scattering on the structure with step like abruptly changing physical parameters, have been numerically solved on example of the trabecular bone model. The model consists of several hundred elements with randomly selected parameters. The spectral distribution of scatter coefficients in subsequent orders - first second and third- of scattering has been presented. Słowa kluczowe: Multiple scattering in absorbing medium, Complex random structure, Back scatter coefficients Afiliacje autorów:
Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Litniewski J. | - | IPPT PAN | Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN |
| | 6p. |
28. |
Kujawska T., Wójcik J., Nowicki A., Numerical modeling of ultrasound-induced temperature fields in multilayer nonlinear attenuating media,
HYDROACOUSTICS, ISSN: 1642-1817, Vol.12, pp.91-98, 2009 Streszczenie: Ultrasound is safe, convinient and inexpensive modality which may be useful for soft tissues treatment. A range of beneficial biological effects induced by ultrasound depends on the exposure level used during treatment. At high intensities instantaneous tissue necrosis is desired, whereas at lower intensities remedial reversible cellular effects may be produced. For example, increasing of cell immunity against stress can be obtained through the heat shock proteins (Hsp) expression enhancement. The possibility of the Hsp expression enhancement in soft tissues in vivo by means of controlled exposure to ultrasound would allow to evaluate the treatment efficiency. Ultrasonic regimes can be controlled by adjusting the ultrasound intensity, frequency, pulse duration, duty-cycle and exposure time. The goal of this work was to develop the numerical model capable of predicting in space and time the temperature fields induced by circular focused transducer generating tone bursts in multilayer nonlinear attenuating media, which is intended for the Hsp expression enhancement therapeutic applications. The acoustic pulsed pressure field generated by the transducer was calculated using our original 3D numerical solver [1]. For prediction of the temperature distributions in multilayer biological media the Pennes bio-heat transfer equation was solved numerically. The 3D thermal fields induced in a rat liver in vitro by a 2 MHz transducer of 15-mm diameter and 25-mm focal length during ultrasonic Hsp expression enhancement treatment using various acoustic beam intensities and exposure time was predicted. Słowa kluczowe: multilayer biological media, ultrasound exposure parameters, local thermal fields, numerical prediction Afiliacje autorów:
Kujawska T. | - | IPPT PAN | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN |
| | 6p. |
29. |
Wójcik J., Kujawska T., Nowicki A., Lewin P.A.♦, Fast prediction of pulsed nonlinear acoustic fields from clinically relevant sources using time averaged wave envelope approach: comparison of numerical simulations and experimental results,
Ultrasonics, ISSN: 0041-624X, DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2008.03.013, Vol.48, pp.707-715, 2008 Streszczenie: The primary goal of this work was to verify experimentally the applicability of the recently introduced time-averaged wave envelope (TAWE) method as a tool for fast prediction of four dimensional (4D) pulsed nonlinear pressure fields from arbitrarily shaped acoustic sources in attenuating media. The experiments were performed in water at the fundamental frequency of 2.8 MHz for spherically focused (focal length F = 80 mm) square (20mm x 20 mm) and rectangular (10mm x 25 mm) sources similar to those used in the design of 1D linear arrays operating with ultrasonic imaging systems. The experimental results obtained with 10-cycle tone bursts at three different excitation levels corresponding to linear, moderately nonlinear and highly nonlinear propagation conditions (0.045, 0.225 and 0.45 MPa on-source pressure amplitude, respectively) were compared with those yielded using the TAWE approach. The comparison of the experimental results and numerical simulations has shown that the TAWE approach is well suited to predict (to within ± 1 dB) both, the spatial–temporal and spatial–spectral pressure variations in the pulsed nonlinear acoustic beams. The obtained results indicated that implementation of the TAWE approach enabled shortening of computation time in comparison with the time needed for prediction of the full 4D pulsed nonlinear acoustic fields using a conventional (Fourier-series) approach. The reduction in computation time depends on several parameters, including the source geometry, dimensions, fundamental resonance frequency, excitation level as well as the strength of the medium nonlinearity. For the non-axisymmetric focused transducers mentioned above and excited by a tone burst corresponding to moderately nonlinear and highly nonlinear conditions the execution time of computations was 3 and 12h, respectively, when using a 1.5 GHz clock frequency, 32-bit processor PC laptop with 2 GB RAM memory, only. Such prediction of the full 4D pulsed field is not possible when using conventional, Fourier-series scheme as it would require increasing the RAM memory by at least 2 orders of magnitude. Słowa kluczowe: rectangular focused apertures, pulsed acoustic fields, nonlinear distortion, numerical modelling and experiments Afiliacje autorów:
Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Kujawska T. | - | IPPT PAN | Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN | Lewin P.A. | - | Drexel University (US) |
|  |
30. |
Trawiński Z., Powałowski T., Wójcik J., Gutkiewicz P., Ultrasonic non-invasive method for relative changes measurements of IMT in common carotid artery wall,
ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A, ISSN: 0587-4246, DOI: 10.12693/APhysPolA.114.A-243, Vol.114, pp.A241-A246, 2008 Streszczenie: The aim of this paper is to present the new method for relative changes measurements of intima-media thickness in the common carotid artery wall. The numerical solver was created for calculation of the fields of ultrasonic beams and scattered fields under different boundary conditions and different angles of penetration of ultrasonic beams with respect to the position of the arterial wall. The cylindrical model of the artery was changing the radius and thickness of the wall under cyclic variation of blood pressure. The presented method was verified on a pipe made of latex. The paper describes also the initial results of examinations of the intima-media thickness. The good agreement for the angle dependence and the perpendicular ultrasonic beam displacement from the longitudinal axis of the artery segment between the numerical calculation and experimental results was obtained for different artery diameters. Afiliacje autorów:
Trawiński Z. | - | IPPT PAN | Powałowski T. | - | IPPT PAN | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Gutkiewicz P. | - | IPPT PAN |
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31. |
Trawiński Z., Wójcik J., Powałowski T., Gutkiewicz P., Ultrasonic Non-Invasive Method for Relative Changes Measurements of Intima-Media Thickness in Artery Walls,
ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A, ISSN: 0587-4246, Vol.114, No.6-A, pp.A-243-247, 2008 |  |
32. |
Wójcik J., Powałowski T., Trawiński Z., Numerical simulation and experimental results of ultrasonic waves scattering on a model of the artery,
EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL SPECIAL TOPICS, ISSN: 1951-6355, DOI: 10.1140/epjst/e2008-00554-9, Vol.154, pp.249-252, 2008 Streszczenie: The aim of this paper is to compare the results of the mathematical modeling and experimental results of the ultrasonic waves scattering in the inhomogeneous dissipative medium. The research was carried out for an artery model (a pipe made of a latex), with internal diameter of 5 mm and wall thickness of 1.25 mm. The numerical solver was created for calculation of the fields of ultrasonic beams and scattered fields under different boundary conditions, different angles and transversal displacement of ultrasonic beams with respect to the position of the arterial wall. The investigations employed the VED ultrasonic apparatus. The good agreement between the numerical calculation and experimental results was obtained. Słowa kluczowe: Model of the artery, scattering, numerical solver Afiliacje autorów:
Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Powałowski T. | - | IPPT PAN | Trawiński Z. | - | IPPT PAN |
|  |
33. |
Wójcik J., Kujawska T., Nowicki A., Pulsed nonlinear acoustic fields from clinically relevant sources: numerical calculations and experiments results,
ARCHIVES OF ACOUSTICS, ISSN: 0137-5075, Vol.33, No.4, pp.565-572, 2008 Streszczenie: The goal of this work was to verify experimentally the applicability of the recently developed Time-Averaged Wave Envelope (TAWE) method [1] as a tool for fast prediction of pulsed nonlinear pressure fields from focused nonaxisymmetric acoustic sources in attenuating media. The experiments were performed in water at the fundamental frequency of 2.8 MHz for spherically focused (focal length F = 80 mm) square (20 x 20 mm) and rectangular (10 x 25 mm) sources similar to those used in the design of 1D linear arrays operating with ultrasonic imaging systems. The experimental results obtained with 10-cycle tone bursts at three different excitation levels corresponding to linear, moderately nonlinear and highly nonlinear propagation conditions (0.045, 0.225 and 0.45 MPa on-source pressure amplitude, respectively) were compared with those yielded using the TAWE approach. Comparison of the experimental and numerical calculations results has shown that the TAWE approach is well suited to predict (to within ± 1 dB) both the spatial-temporal and spatial-spectral pressure variations in the pulsed nonlinear acoustic beams. Słowa kluczowe: rectangular focused apertures, pulsed acoustic fields, nonlinear distortion, numerical modelling Afiliacje autorów:
Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Kujawska T. | - | IPPT PAN | Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN |
|  |
34. |
Trawiński Z., Wójcik J., Comparison of methods used for ultrasonic examinations of IMT in the wall of the carotid artery model,
ARCHIVES OF ACOUSTICS, ISSN: 0137-5075, Vol.33, No.4S, pp.27-32, 2008 Streszczenie: The aim of this paper is to compare the results of examinations of the intima-media thickness (IMT) in the wall of the carotid artery model by means of zero-crossing and correlation methods. The research was carried out on the elastic artery model (a pipe made of latex), with the internal diameter of 3, 5 and 8 mm and the wall thickness of 0.75, 1.25 and 2 mm. A numerical solver was created for the purpose of calculating the fields of ultrasonic beams and scattered fields under different boundary conditions, different angles and transversal displacements of ultrasonic beams in respect of the position of the arterial wall. A VED ultrasonic apparatus was used during the investigations. The frequency of the transmitted ultrasound was 6.75 MHz. The numerical solver was used for the creation of ultrasonic RF reference signals. A good conformity was obtained between changing the numerical reference of the IMT and the results of determining the IMT by both the zero-crossing method and the correlation method. Słowa kluczowe: ultrasound, carotid artery, intima-media thickness, numerical model Afiliacje autorów:
Trawiński Z. | - | IPPT PAN | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN |
|  |
35. |
Wójcik J., Trawiński Z., Powałowski T., Comparison of experimental results and numerical calculations of ultrasonic waves scattering on a model of the artery,
HYDROACOUSTICS, ISSN: 1642-1817, Vol.11, pp.449-458, 2008 Streszczenie: The aim of this paper is to compare the results of the mathematical modeling and experimental results of the ultrasonic waves scattering in the inhomogeneous dissipative medium. The research was carried out for an artery model (a pipe made of a latex), with internal diameter of 3, 5 and 8 mm and wall thickness of 0.75, 1.25 and 2 mm. The numerical solver was created for calculation of the fields of ultrasonic beams and scattered fields under different boundary conditions, different angles and transversal displacement of ultrasonic beams with respect to the position of the arterial wall. The investigations employed the VED ultrasonic apparatus. The frequency of the transmitted ultrasound was 6.75 MHz. The good agreement between the numerical calculation and experimental results was obtained. The numerical solver is used for verified proposed methods for determining of the IMT in the artery walls. Słowa kluczowe: ultrasound, scatering, artery model, numerical calculations, eksperimental results, Comparison Afiliacje autorów:
Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Trawiński Z. | - | IPPT PAN | Powałowski T. | - | IPPT PAN |
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36. |
Nowicki A., Wójcik J., Secomski W., Harmonic imaging using multitone nonlinear coding,
ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY, ISSN: 0301-5629, DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2007.02.001, Vol.33, No.7, pp.1112-1122, 2007 Streszczenie: We present a new method that uses nonlinear properties of tissue to improve contrast-to-noise ratio.
In our novel method, the acoustic source is activated with two tone-bursts (2.2 and 4.4 MHz), with specially designed polarization of the individual tone-burst. This new approach is called multitone nonlinear coding (MNC) because the choice of polarization of both tones (and their amplitudes), allowing optimization of the receiving properties, depends on the nonlinear properties of tissue. The calculations were done for two tone-bursts propagating in the tissue-like glossy medium with absorption of 7 Np/m · MHz. The method was experimentally verified by scanning the incident pulses propagating in soft tissue and by scanning the thread phantom immersed in water. The concept of the virtual fields was introduced to explain abilities and properties of pulse inversion and MNC and to compare the two methods. Comparison of the spatial field distribution obtained using MNC with the conventional harmonic imaging approach, in which the second harmonic is used to reconstruct the image, is presented. It was shown that, for the same peak pressure amplitude, the resulting mechanical index was about 40% lower for MNC, lateral resolution was 10% to 30% better and, what seems to be the most encouraging, the signal gain was up to eight times higher than pulse inversion. Słowa kluczowe: harmonic imaging, ultrasonography, nonlinear propagation Afiliacje autorów:
Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Secomski W. | - | IPPT PAN |
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37. |
Powałowski T., Wójcik J., Trawiński Z., Modelling of examinations of artery wall thickness changes,
ARCHIVES OF ACOUSTICS, ISSN: 0137-5075, Vol.32, pp.851-858, 2007 Streszczenie: The developed solver of acoustic field was used for simulation of the artery wall thickness examination. It is capable of describing spatial and time-dependent distribution of an ultrasonic beam, that is emitted by a piezoelectric ring transducer and then backscattered on cylindrical surfaces of the walls in artery models. The electrical signal received corresponds closely with the actual RF signal that is obtained during measurements at the output of the ultrasonicVED apparatus. The theoretical model of the artery for creating the ultrasonic reflected echoes was used. The internal radius of the artery model was 3mm for the diastolic pressure and 3.3mm for the systolic pressure. The intima- media thicknes (IMT) of the artery wall was changed from 0.48mm to 0.44mm respectively. The echoes-tracking solver based on the zero-crossing and correlation methods was used for detecting changes of the IMT. Słowa kluczowe: ultrasound, common carotid artery, elasticity, intima-media thickness, numerical solver Afiliacje autorów:
Powałowski T. | - | IPPT PAN | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Trawiński Z. | - | IPPT PAN |
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38. |
Wójcik J., Powałowski T., Trawiński Z., Numerical analyze and experimental results of ultrasonic waves scattering on a model of the artery,
MOLECULAR AND QUANTUM ACOUSTICS. ANNUAL JOURNAL, ISSN: 0208-5151, Vol.28, pp.279-283, 2007 |  |
39. |
Powałowski T., Wójcik J., Trawiński Z., Numerical solver of acoustic field in simulation of artery wall thickness examinations,
HYDROACOUSTICS, ISSN: 1642-1817, Vol.10, pp.123-168, 2007 Streszczenie: The aim of the study was the elaboration of a mathematical model to describe the process of acoustic wave propagation, generated by an ultrasonic probe in a inhomogenous loosing medium. Numerical calculations make it possible to define waveforms for electric signals that are generated when ultrasonic waves, being reflected and backscattered by an artery model, are then received by the ultrasonic probe. It is the signal that pretty well corresponds with the actual RF signal that is obtained during measurements at the output of anultrasonic apparatus. The developed solver of acoustic field was used for simulation of the artery wall tickness examination. The theoretical model of the atrery for the creating the simulated ultrasonic reflected echoes was used. The internal radiusof the artery model was 3mm for the diastolic pressure and and 3.3mm for the systolic pressure. The intima-media thicknes (IMT) of the artery wall was changed from o.48 to 0.44 respectively. The solver based on zero-crossing method was used for detecting changes of the IMT. Słowa kluczowe: ultrasound, mathematical model, scatering, inhomogenous loosing medium, numerical simulations, intima-media changes Afiliacje autorów:
Powałowski T. | - | IPPT PAN | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Trawiński Z. | - | IPPT PAN |
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40. |
Wójcik J., Nowicki A., Lewin P.A.♦, Bloomfield P.E.♦, Kujawska T., Filipczyński L., Wave envelopes method for description of nonlinear acoustic wave propagation,
Ultrasonics, ISSN: 0041-624X, DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2006.04.001, Vol.44, pp.310-339, 2006 Streszczenie: A novel, free from paraxial approximation and computationally efficient numerical algorithm capable of predicting 4D acoustic fields in lossy and nonlinear media from arbitrary shaped sources (relevant to probes used in medical ultrasonic imaging and therapeutic systems) is described. The new WE (wave envelopes) approach to nonlinear propagation modeling is based on the solution of the second order nonlinear differential wave equation reported in [J. Wojcik, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 104 (1998) 2654-2663; V.P. Kuznetsov, Akust. Zh. 16 (1970) 548-553]. An incremental stepping scheme allows for forward wave propagation. The operator-splitting method accounts independently for the effects of full diffraction, absorption and nonlinear interactions of harmonics. The WE method represents the propagating pulsed acoustic wave as a superposition of wavelet-like sinusoidal pulses with carrier frequencies being the harmonics of the boundary tone burst disturbance. The model is valid for lossy media, arbitrarily shaped plane and focused sources, accounts for the effects of diffraction and can be applied to continuous as well as to pulsed waves. Depending on the source geometry, level of nonlinearity and frequency bandwidth, in comparison with the conventional approach the Time-Averaged Wave Envelopes (TAWE) method shortens computational time of the full 4D nonlinear field calculation by at least an order of magnitude; thus, predictions of nonlinear beam propagation from complex sources (such as phased arrays) can be available within 30-60 min using only a standard PC. The approximateratio between the computational time costs obtained by using the TAWE method and the conventional approach in calculations of the nonlinear interactions is proportional to (1/N)**2, and in memory consumption to 1/N where N is the average bandwidth of the individual wavelets. Numerical computations comparing the spatial field distributions obtained by using both the TAWE method and the conventional approach (based on a Fourier series representation of the propagating wave) are given for circular source geometry, which represents the most challenging case from the computational time point of view. For two cases, short (2 cycle) and long (8 cycle) 2 MHz bursts, the computational times were 10 min and 15 min versus 2 h and 8 h for the TAWE method versus the conventional method, respectively. Słowa kluczowe: Nonliear propagation, Envelope waves, Fast calculations Afiliacje autorów:
Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN | Lewin P.A. | - | Drexel University (US) | Bloomfield P.E. | - | Drexel University (US) | Kujawska T. | - | IPPT PAN | Filipczyński L. | - | IPPT PAN |
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41. |
Wójcik J., Powałowski T., Tymkiewicz R., Lamers A.♦, Trawiński Z., Scattering of ultrasonic wave on a model of the artery,
ARCHIVES OF ACOUSTICS, ISSN: 0137-5075, Vol.31, pp.471-479, 2006 Streszczenie: The study was aimed at elaboration of a mathematical model to describe the process of acoustic wave propagation in an inhomogeneous and absorbing medium, whereas the wave is generated by an ultrasonic probe. The modelling proces covered the phenomenon of ultrasonic wave backscattering on an elastic pipe with dimensions similar to the artery section. Later on the numerical codes were determined in order to calculate the fields of ultrasonic waves, as well as backscattered fields for various boundary conditions. Numerical calculations make it possible to definethe waveforms for electric signals that are produced when ultrasonic waves, being reflected and backsvattered by an artery model, are then received by the ultrasonic probe. It is the signalwhich pretty well corresponds with the actual RF signal that is obtained during measurements at the output of anultrasonic apparatus. Słowa kluczowe: ultrasound, backscattering, artery, numerical model Afiliacje autorów:
Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Powałowski T. | - | IPPT PAN | Tymkiewicz R. | - | IPPT PAN | Lamers A. | - | inna afiliacja | Trawiński Z. | - | IPPT PAN |
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42. |
Kujawska T., Wójcik J., Nowicki A., Nonlinear ultrasound propagation in water from square focused transducer,
HYDROACOUSTICS, ISSN: 1642-1817, Vol.8, pp.89-98, 2005 Streszczenie: The nonlinear pulsed acoustic pressure field from a focused square aperture is considered. Experimental measurements in water of a 4D sound field radiated from a 2.8 MHz focused square transducer of a 20 mm side and a 80 mm focal distance for excitation level producing an average acoustic pressure P0 = 0.14 MPa at its surface are presented. The obtained results are compared with the numerical calculation results for the same boundary conditions. The novel, free from paraxial approximation and computationally efficient numerical algorithm was used to simulate the 4D nonlinear pulsed pressure field from the nonaxisymmetric acoustic source. Our theoretical model was based on the Time-Averaged Pressure Envelope (TAPE) method recently developed that enable to represent the propagated pulsed disturbance as a superposition of sinusoidal wavelets with carrier frequencies being the harmonics of the initial tone burst and with envelopes determined by the TAPE method. The novel approach to the solution of the nonlinear wave equation enabled to simulate full 4D nonlinear field for given boundary conditions in a dozen or so minutes utilizing the computational power of the standard PC. Słowa kluczowe: square spherically focused transducer, pulsed waves, nonlinear propagation in water, sound fields, numerical modelling Afiliacje autorów:
Kujawska T. | - | IPPT PAN | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN |
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43. |
Kujawska T., Wójcik J., Filipczyński L., Possible Temperature Effects Computed for Acoustic Microscopy Used For Living Cells,
ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY, ISSN: 0301-5629, DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2003.08.018, Vol.30, No.1, pp.93-101, 2004 Streszczenie: Imaging of living cells or tissues at a microscopic resolution, where GHz frequencies are used, provides a foundation for many new biological applications. The possible temperature increase causing a destructive influence on the living cells should be then avoided. However, there is no information on possible local temperature increases at these very high frequencies where, due to strongly focused ultrasonic beams, nonlinear propagation effects occur. Acoustic parameters of living cells were assumed to be close to those of water; therefore, the power density of heat sources in a water medium was determined as a basic quantity. Hence, the numerical solution of temperature distributions at the frequency of 1 GHz was computed for high and low powers generated by the transducer equal to 0.32 W and 0.002 W. In the first case, typical nonlinear propagation effects were demonstrated and, in the second one, propagation was almost linear. The focal temperature increase obtained in water equaled 14°C for the highest possible theoretical repetition frequency of fr = 10 MHz and for the thermal insulation at the sapphire lens-water boundary. Simultaneously, the scanning velocity of the tested object was assumed to be incomparably low in respect to the acoustic beam velocity. The maximum temperature increase in water occurred exactly at this boundary, being equal there to 20°C. It was shown that, first of all, the very high absorption of water was significant for the temperature distribution in the investigated region, suppressing the focal temperature peaks. Because the temperature increases are proportional to the repetition frequency, so for example, at its practical value of fr = 0.1 MHz, all temperature increases will be 100 times lower than listed above. For the low transducer power of 0.002 W, the corresponding temperature increases were about 140 times lower than those for the high power of 0.32 W. The presented solutions are devoted mainly to the reflection pulse mode; however, they can be also applied for the transmitting (continuous-wave) mode, as shown in an example. Pressure distributions were computed for the acoustic field of the microscope for the first and higher harmonics. Hence, at the frequency of 1 GHz, the effective focal radius in water measured as the −6-dB amplitude pressure drop was found to be 1,1 μm, and 0.7 μm for the second harmonic, independently of the assumed transducer power. So the width of the beam, scanning the living cells in the focal region, was equal to 2.2 μm at the fundamental frequency of 1 GHz. Słowa kluczowe: Temperature, Acoustic microscopy, Living cells, Temperature increase, Pressure Afiliacje autorów:
Kujawska T. | - | IPPT PAN | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Filipczyński L. | - | IPPT PAN |
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44. |
Radulescu E.G.♦, Lewin P.A.♦, Wójcik J., Nowicki A., Berger W.A.♦, The influence of finite aperture and frequency response of ultrasonic hydrophone probes On the determination of acoustic output,
Ultrasonics, ISSN: 0041-624X, DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2003.11.019, Vol.42, No.1-9, pp.367-372, 2004 Streszczenie: The influence of finite aperture and frequency response of piezoelectric ultrasonic hydrophone probes on the Thermal and Mechanical Indices was investigated using a comprehensive acoustic wave propagation model. The experimental verification of the model was obtained using a commercially available, 8 MHz, dynamically focused linear array and a single element, 5 MHz, focused rectangular source. The pressure–time waveforms were recorded using piezoelectric polymer hydrophone probes of different active element diameters and bandwidths. The nominal diameters of the probes ranged from 50 to 500 μm and their usable bandwidths varied between 55 and 100 MHz. The Pulse Intensity Integral (PII), used to calculate the Thermal Index (TI), was found to increase with increasing bandwidth and decreasing effective aperture of the probes. The Mechanical Index (MI), another safety indicator, was also affected, but to a lesser extent. The corrections needed were predicted using the model and successfully reduced the discrepancy as large as 30% in the determination of PII. The results of this work indicate that by accounting for hydrophones' finite aperture and correcting the value of PII, all intensities derived from the PII can be corrected for spatial averaging error. The results also point out that a caution should be exercised when comparing acoustic output data. In particular, hydrophone's frequency characteristics of the effective diameter and sensitivity are needed to correctly determine the MI, TI, and the total acoustic output power produced by an imaging transducer. Słowa kluczowe: Ultrasound imaging, Nonlinear propagation, Spatial averaging, Safety indices Afiliacje autorów:
Radulescu E.G. | - | inna afiliacja | Lewin P.A. | - | Drexel University (US) | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN | Berger W.A. | - | inna afiliacja |
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45. |
Radulescu E.♦, Lewin P.A.♦, Wójcik J., Nowicki A., Calibration of Ultrasonic Hydrophone Probes up to 100 MHz using Time Gating Frequency Analysis and Finite Amplitude Wave,
Ultrasonics, ISSN: 0041-624X, DOI: 10.1016/S0041-624X(03)00123-9, Vol.41, No.4, pp.247-254, 2003 Streszczenie: A number of ultrasound imaging systems employs harmonic imaging to optimize the trade off between resolution and penetration depth and center frequencies as high as 15 MHz are now used in clinical practice. However, currently available measurement tools are not fully adequate to characterize the acoustic output of such nonlinear systems primarily due to the limited knowledge of the frequency responses beyond 20 MHz of the available piezoelectric hydrophone probes. In addition, ultrasound hydrophone probes need to be calibrated to eight times the center frequency of the imaging transducer. Time delay spectrometry (TDS) is capable of providing transduction factor of the probes beyond 20 MHz, however its use is in practice limited to 40 MHz. This paper describes a novel approach termed time gating frequency analysis (TGFA) that provides the transduction factor of the hydrophone probes in the frequency domain and significantly extends the quasi-continuous calibration of the probes up to 60 MHz. The verification of the TGFA data was performed using TDS calibration technique (up to 40 MHz) and a nonlinear calibration method (up to 100 MHz). The nonlinear technique was based on a novel wave propagation model capable of predicting the true pressure–time waveforms at virtually any point in the field. The spatial averaging effects introduced by the finite aperture hydrophones were also accounted for. TGFA calibration results were obtained for different PVDF probes, including needle and membrane designs with nominal diameters from 50 to 500 μm. The results were compared with discrete calibration data obtained from an independent national laboratory and the overall uncertainty was determined to be ±1.5 dB in the frequency range 40–60 MHz and less than ±1 dB below 40 MHz. Słowa kluczowe: Time gating frequency analysis (TGFA), Time delay spectrometry (TDS), High frequency hydrophone calibration, Nonlinear hydrophone calibration, High frequency ultrasound, Ultrasonic metrology Afiliacje autorów:
Radulescu E. | - | inna afiliacja | Lewin P.A. | - | Drexel University (US) | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN |
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46. |
Radulescu E.♦, Wójcik J., Lewin P.A.♦, Nowicki A., Nonlinear Propagation Model for Ultrasound Hydrophones Calibration in Frequency Range up to 100 MHz,
Ultrasonics, ISSN: 0041-624X, DOI: 10.1016/S0041-624X(03)00124-0, Vol.41, No.4, pp.239-245, 2003 Streszczenie: To facilitate the implementation and verification of the new ultrasound hydrophone calibration techniques described in the companion paper (somewhere in this issue) a nonlinear propagation model was developed. A brief outline of the theoretical considerations is presented and the model’s advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The results of simulations yielding spatial and temporal acoustic pressure amplitude are also presented and compared with those obtained using KZK and Field II models. Excellent agreement between all models is evidenced. The applicability of the model in discrete wideband calibration of hydrophones is documented in the companion paper somewhere in this volume. Słowa kluczowe: Nonlinear propagation modeling, Nonlinear propagation, JW model Afiliacje autorów:
Radulescu E. | - | inna afiliacja | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Lewin P.A. | - | Drexel University (US) | Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN |
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47. |
Filipczyński L., Wójcik J., Kujawska T., Łypacewicz G.♦, Tymkiewicz R., Zienkiewicz B., Nonlinear Native Propagation Effect of Diagnostic Ultrasound Computed and Measured in Blood,
ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY, ISSN: 0301-5629, DOI: 10.1016/S0301-5629(00)00329-X, Vol.27, No.2, pp.251-257, 2001 Streszczenie: Nonlinear propagation effects produced by focused pulses in blood were measured over a 20-cm range, being inspired by diagnostic applications in cardiology. The initial and maximum pressures applied during measurements in blood were equal to 0.40 MPapp and 0.76 MPapp, while the pressure estimated at the patient body surface equalled 0.70 MPapp. Measurements of the frequency characteristic and the linearity of the ultrasonic probe used in experiments were performed in water. A numerical procedure developed previously was applied in blood to calculate the pressure distribution of its first and second harmonics along the beam axis. The comparison of numerical and measured distributions in blood at a temperature of 37°C showed rather good agreement. Using numerical methods, a proportional growth of the second harmonic with the increased applied initial pressure was first observed, and finally the maximum limiting effect was found. In this way, much higher level of harmonics could be obtained. However, there arise the questions of the transmitting system construction and of the nonuniform resolution in the case of harmonic imaging when increasing the applied initial pressure. Słowa kluczowe: Ultrasound, Pulses, Nonlinear propagation, Blood, Cardiology Afiliacje autorów:
Filipczyński L. | - | IPPT PAN | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Kujawska T. | - | IPPT PAN | Łypacewicz G. | - | inna afiliacja | Tymkiewicz R. | - | IPPT PAN | Zienkiewicz B. | - | IPPT PAN |
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48. |
Wójcik J., Trots I., Lewandowski M., Nowicki A., Formulation of anisotropic failure criteria incorporating a microstructure tensor,
COMPUTERS AND GEOTECHNICS, ISSN: 0266-352X, DOI: 10.1016/S0266-352X(99)00034-8, Vol.26, No.2, pp.105-112, 2000 Streszczenie: Anisotropy is inherently related to microstructural arrangement within a representative volume of material. The microstructure can be represented by a second order tensor whose eigenvectors specify the orientation of the axes of material symmetry. In this paper, failure criteria for geomaterials are formulated in terms of the stress state and a microstructure tensor. The classical criteria for isotropic materials are generalized for the case of orthotropy as well as transverse isotropy. The proposed approach is illustrated by a simple example demonstrating the sensitivity of the uniaxial strength of the material to the orientation of the sample relative to the loading direction. Afiliacje autorów:
Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Trots I. | - | IPPT PAN | Lewandowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN |
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49. |
Wójcik J., Nieliniowe odbicie i transmisja akustycznej fali płaskiej,
Prace IPPT - IFTR Reports, ISSN: 2299-3657, No.1, pp.1-28, 2000 | |
50. |
Wójcik J., Filipczyński J.♦, Kujawska J.♦, Temperature elevations computed for three-layer and four-layer obstetrical tissue model in nonlinear and linear ultrasonic propagation cases,
ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY, ISSN: 0301-5629, DOI: 10.1016/S0301-5629(98)00144-6, Vol.25, No.2, pp.259-267, 1999 Streszczenie: The authors computed temperature elevations in a three-layer and a four-layer tissue model, assuming the crucial obstetrical case when the ultrasonic pulse propagating through the abdomiinal wall and the fluid-filled bladder penetrates into soft fetal tissues.To consider nonlinear propagation, the authors applied a new theory of nonlinear increase of absorption recently developed by the first author. Computations were carried out for pulses with a carrier frequency of 3 MHz, duration time of 1.33 μs, and pulse repetition frequency of 3.3 kHz. Similar computations were carried out for a four-layer tissue model corresponding to the third trimester of gestation. The ceramic piezoelectric transducer 2 cm in diameter radiated the ultrasonic beam focused at a distance of 6.5 cm. The intensities at the radiating transducer (at the source) were ISAPA= 10 and 5 W/cm2. Temperature elevations and distributions were determined numerically for various values of low-amplitude absorption coefficients assumed to be the same as attenuation coefficients. It was shown in the three-layer tissue model that the maximum temperature elevation can be about 50% higher for nonlinear than for linear propagation.The maximum fetal temperature elevation in this case was 2.36°C for nonlinear and 1.84°C for linear propagation. The temperature elevation in the abdominal wall was lower than those temperatures when the attenuation of the abdominal wall was assumed to be a low value of 0.05 Np/cm.MHz (0.45 dB/cm.MHz). However, when it was increased to 0.16 Np/cm.MHz (1.4 dB/cm.MHz), the temperature elevation of the abdominal wall reached 3.2°C and the maximum fetal elevation was 1.65°C. In such cases, the abdominal wall became the principal source of heat production. In this case, the difference between fetal temperature elevations for nonlinear and linear propagation was only about 10%. The results obtained in the four-layer tissue model, in which the uterus tissue also was represented, show that temperature elevations in this case are about 3.6 times lower than in the three-layer tissue model, with comparable attenuation of the abdominal wall. Differences between nonlinear and linear propagation in the four-layer tissue model are negligible. The temperature elevations obtained were proportional to the pulse repetition frequency, without changing temperature distributions in the ultrasonic beam. In this manner, fetal temperature elevations can be reduced by reducing the repetition frequency. Słowa kluczowe: Ultrasound, Nonlinear propagation, Temperature, Obstetrics Afiliacje autorów:
Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN | Filipczyński J. | - | inna afiliacja | Kujawska J. | - | inna afiliacja |
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51. |
Filipczyński L., Kujawska T., Tymkiewicz R., Wójcik J., Nonlinear and linear propagation of diagnostic ultrasound pulses,
ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY, ISSN: 0301-5629, DOI: 10.1016/S0301-5629(98)00174-4, Vol.25, No.2, pp.285-299, 1999 Streszczenie: The effect of nonlinear propagation in fluid followed by soft tissue was studied both theoretically and experimentally for a most crucial case in obstetrical ultrasonography. For this purpose, short pressure pulses, with the duration time of 1.3 μs and a carrier frequency of 3 MHz, radiated by a concave transducer into water, with maximum intensities up to the value of 18 W/cm2, were computed and measured. The ultrasonic beam had the physical focus at the distance of 6.5 cm, where the highest focal intensity of ISPPA= 242 W/cm2 was obtained. In front of the transducer, at a distance of 7 cm, artificial tissue samples prepared on the basis of ground porcine kidney, with a thickness of 0.5, 1.5 and 3 cm, were placed in water. Pressure pulses and their spectral components were produced numerically and measured by means of a PVDF hydrophone in water before and after penetrating the tissue samples. The theoretical analysis and measurements were carried out, in every case, for two signal levels: for a high level assuring nonlinear propagation and for a low one where conditions of linear propagation were fulfilled. In this way, it was possible to compare directly the effects of nonlinear and linear propagation, in every case showing a good conformity of theoretical values with measured ones. A method of determination of the effective frequency response of the hydrophone was elaborated to enable quantitative comparisons of numerical and experimental results. The theoretical part of our study was based on a paper of Wójcik (1998), enabling us to compute the characteristic function of nonlinear increase of absorption. An agreement of up to 10% was obtained when comparing theoretical and measured values of these functions in the investigated beam in water and behind tissue samples. The results obtained showed that the recently given theory of nonlinear absorption, based on the spectral analysis and the elaborated numerical procedures, may be useful in various practical ultrasonic medical problems and also in technological applications. Słowa kluczowe: Ultrasound, Pulses, Nonlinear propagation, Diagnostics Afiliacje autorów:
Filipczyński L. | - | IPPT PAN | Kujawska T. | - | IPPT PAN | Tymkiewicz R. | - | IPPT PAN | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN |
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52. |
Wójcik J., Transport energii w polu fali ultradźwiękowej (Praca habilitacyjna),
Prace IPPT - IFTR Reports, ISSN: 2299-3657, No.2, pp.1-63, 1999 | |
53. |
Wójcik J., Conservation of energy and absorption in acoustic fields for linear and nonlinear propagation,
JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, ISSN: 0001-4966, DOI: 10.1121/1.423849, Vol.104, No.5, pp.2654-2663, 1998 Streszczenie: In the present paper, the energy effects accompanying a strong sound disturbance of a medium are analyzed. The waves may be, in time, periodic — continuous or pulsed — or have the form of single pulses. The description is based on equations which are commonly applied in nonlinear acoustics. The Fourier analysis, elements of the theory of linear operators, and analytical functions are applied. A general method is given for the construction of the absorption operator in the domain of space–time coordinates (x,t), to which the small-signal absorption coefficient corresponds. By analogy to linear equations and the corresponding dispersions equations, the quasi-dispersion equations in the case of nonlinear description are introduced. Simplification of the “classical” equation of nonlinear acoustics was performed. The relations between absorption operators in the space and time domains are shown. It is demonstrated that in nonlinear interactions, where terms of such type — nonlinear function of pressure — dominate, the power (energy) of the disturbance is conserved. Just as in the linear notation, the only reason why the total power (energy) changes is linear absorption, but that one which occurs under the conditions of nonlinear propagation. In consequence, the equations of power (and energy) balancing the disturbance have the same formal shape in nonlinear and linear descriptions. The equations provide a theoretical basis for different, easier, and more accurate methods than those used previously for determination (numerical and experimental) of, e.g., the power density of heat sources generated by sound. The function of the nonlinear gain of absorption and the function of effective absorption were also introduced. On the basis of quasi-dispersion equations the phenomenon of overtone generation (not harmonics) is shortly discussed. Słowa kluczowe: Acoustic absorption, Acoustics, Nonlinear acoustics, Absorption coefficient, Acoustic analysis Afiliacje autorów:
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54. |
Nowicki A., Secomski W., Wójcik J., Acoustic streaming: Comparison of low amplitude linear model with streaming velocities measured by means of 32 MHz doppler,
ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY, ISSN: 0301-5629, DOI: 10.1016/S0301-5629(97)00005-7, Vol.23, No.5, pp.783-791, 1997 Streszczenie: The pressure gradient along the ultrasonic beam results in medium streaming. Following Nyborg's analysis of the Navier-Stokes equation, Wu and Du developed an approximate solution for the streaming velocity generated by flat and weakly focused transducers. We have modified their solution of the Poisson equation by directly deriving the Dirichlet boundary conditions to be applied for this type of equation. Our numerical results (for the linear case) were about one half smaller for flat and weakly focused Gaussian beam transducers compared to the results by Wu and Du. The theoretical calculations were verified using a purpose-designed 32-MHz pulsed Doppler unit. The applied average acoustic power was changed from 1 μW to 6 mW, the burst width was 0.5 μs and the pulse repetition frequency was 32 kHz. The experiments were done on 4-mm-diameter flat and focused (focal distance = 8 and 12 mm) transducers. The streaming was measured along the ultrasonic beam from 0–20 mm; at all positions, the maximum Doppler frequency was estimated from the recorded spectra. Streaming was induced in a solution of water and corn starch. The experimental results showed that, for a given acoustic power, the streaming velocity was independent of the starch density in water changed from 0.3–40 g of starch in 1 l of distilled water. For applied acoustic powers, the streaming velocity changed linearly from 0.2–40 mm/s. Both the theoretical solutions for plane and focused waves and the experimental results were in good agreement. Słowa kluczowe: Ultrasound, Streaming, Nonlinear ultrasound effects, Doppler Afiliacje autorów:
Nowicki A. | - | IPPT PAN | Secomski W. | - | IPPT PAN | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN |
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55. |
Filipczyński L., Kujawska T., Tymkiewicz R., Wójcik J., Amplitude, isobar and gray -scale imaging of ultrasonic shadows behind rigid, elastic and gaseous spheres,
ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY, ISSN: 0301-5629, DOI: 10.1016/0301-5629(95)02031-4, Vol.22, No.2, pp.261-270, 1996 Streszczenie: The theory of wave reflection from spherical obstacles was applied for determination of the cause of the shadow created by plane wave pulses incident on rigid, steel, gaseous spheres and on spheres made of kidney stones. The spheres were immersed in water which was assumed to be a tissuelike medium. Acoustic pressure distributions behind the spheres with the radii of 1 mm, 2.5 mm and 3.5 mm were determined at the frequency of 5 MHz. The use of the exact wave theory enabled us to take into account the diffraction effects. The computed pressure distributions were verified experimentally at the frequency of 5 MHz for a steel sphere with a 2.5-mm radius. The experimental and theoretical pulses were composed of about three ultrasonic frequency periods. Acoustic pressure distributions in the shadow zone of all spheres were shown in the amplitude axonometric projection, in the grey scale and also as acoustic isobar patterns. Our analysis confirmed existing simpler descriptions of the shadow from the point of view of reflection and refraction effects; however, our approach is more general, also including diffraction effects and assuming the pulse mode. The analysis has shown that gaseous spherical inclusions caused shadows with very high dynamics of acoustic pressures that were about 15 dB higher in relation to all the other spheres. The shadow length, determined as the length at which one observes a 6-dB drop of the acoustic pressure, followed the relation r−6dB = 3.7a2λ with the accuracy of about 20% independent of the sphere type. λ denotes the wavelength and a the sphere radius. Thus, a theoretical possibility of differentiating between gaseous and other inclusions and of estimation of the inclusion size in the millimeter range from the shadow was shown. The influence of the frequency-dependent attenuation on the shadow will be considered in the next study. Słowa kluczowe: Shadow, Pulses, Spheres, Ultrasonography Afiliacje autorów:
Filipczyński L. | - | IPPT PAN | Kujawska T. | - | IPPT PAN | Tymkiewicz R. | - | IPPT PAN | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN |
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56. |
Filipczyński L., Kujawska T., Wójcik J., Temperature elevation in focused Gaussian ultrasonic beams at various insonation times,
ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY, ISSN: 0301-5629, DOI: 10.1016/0301-5629(93)90073-W, Vol.19, No.8, pp.667-679, 1993 Streszczenie: Transient solution of the thermal conductivity equation for the three-dimensional case of the Gaussian ultrasonic focused beam was derived and applied for cases relevant to medical ultrasonography. Quantitative results for the case of a homogeneous medium with constant values of thermal coefficients and constant absorption as well as for the two-layer tissue model used in obstetrics were presented for various diagnostic probes used in ultrasonography. The possible effects of perfusion and nonlinear propagation were neglected. The results obtained are in agreement with results of other authors when considering the steady-state and the infinitely short insonation time. The computations show the influence of the insonation time on the temperature elevation, thus making it possible to introduce its value as a factor in limiting the possible harmful effects in ultrasonography. This has been shown in diagrams presenting the temperature distribution along the beam axis of 6 different diagnostic probes for various insonation times and demonstrating the corresponding temperature decrease when limiting the insonation time to 5 and 1 min. For instance, the highest temperature elevation (for probe number 1, see Table 1) decreases 2.6 and 5 times with respect to the steady-state temperature when the insonation time equals 5 and 1 min, respectively. Słowa kluczowe: Temperature, Ultrasonography, Time, Hazard Afiliacje autorów:
Filipczyński L. | - | IPPT PAN | Kujawska T. | - | IPPT PAN | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN |
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57. |
Filipczyński L., Wójcik J., Estimation of transient temperature elevation in lithotripsy and in ultrasonography,
ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY, ISSN: 0301-5629, DOI: 10.1016/0301-5629(91)90104-5, Vol.17, No.7, pp.715-721, 1991 Streszczenie: Transient solutions of the thermal conductivity equation for the two-dimensional case of an elongated cylíndrical focus in the ultrasonic beam were derived and applied for lithotripsy and obstetrical ultrasonography. Assuming uniform and Gaussian distributions in the focus of the beam cross section, it was possible to estimate the temperature elevation arising in lithotripsy for various repetition frequencies of shock-wave pulses and for various radii of the beam. In obstetrical ultrasonography where the blood perfusion is difficult to determine, the authors suggested that the insonation time be used as the decisive factor for the temperature determination. Values of focal intensities were found necessary to increase the tissue temperature by 1°C as a function of the insonation time and the beam radius which exclude the possibility of any hazardous effect caused by temperature elevation. Słowa kluczowe: Lithotripsy, Obstetrics, Ultrasonography, Temperature, Hazard Afiliacje autorów:
Filipczyński L. | - | IPPT PAN | Wójcik J. | - | IPPT PAN |
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