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Streszczenie:
Effective management of non-compressible hemorrhage remains a significant challenge in the field of biomaterials development. Although fluffy fiber sponges with strong hemostatic properties and excellent biocompatibility have been a promising solution, their fabrication has been rather complicated. This study presents a facile in situ deprotonation-induced direct electrospinning approach that enables the fabrication of three-dimensional Gelatin/Eudragit S100 (3D Gel/ES)-based fiber sponges. These sponges are equipped with multiple hemostatic-enhancing moieties to address non-compressible bleeding. The generated 3D sponges exhibit a fluffy texture composed of continuous and interconnected fibers. Results demonstrate a remarkable compressibility, exceptional porosity (>90 %), excellent water absorption capabilities (>2000 %), very low hemolytic rate (<0.1 %), and non-cytotoxic characteristics (cell viability > 85 %). Furthermore, their hemostatic response has been improved, especially by the incorporation of CaCO3. Consequently, activating the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade, along with the adhesion, enrichment, and activation properties of erythrocytes and platelets. In vivo analyses of hybrid fiber sponges confirm their superior hemostatic capabilities compared to traditional gauze and commercial sponge materials. This fabrication strategy is anticipated to open a new avenue for the development of next-generation advanced hemostatic 3D fiber sponge, specifically targeting rapid and effective hemostasis in mild-to-moderate bleeding.

Słowa kluczowe:
3D hybrid fiber sponges, Deprotonated carboxylate, Gelatin, Electrospinning, Ca2+ ions, Hemostasis

Streszczenie:
Electrospun hybrid nanofibers, based on functional agents immobilized in polymeric matrix, possess a unique combination of collective properties. These are beneficial for a wide range of applications, which include theranostics, filtration, catalysis, and tissue engineering, among others. The combination of functional agents in a nanofiber matrix offer accessibility to multifunctional nanocompartments with significantly improved mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties, along with better biocompatibility and biodegradability. This review summarizes recent work performed for the fabrication, characterization, and optimization of different hybrid nanofibers containing varieties of functional agents, such as laser ablated inorganic nanoparticles (NPs), which include, for instance, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and titanium nitride nanoparticles (TiNPs), perovskites, drugs, growth factors, and smart, inorganic polymers. Biocompatible and biodegradable polymers such as chitosan, cellulose, and polycaprolactone are very promising macromolecules as a nanofiber matrix for immobilizing such functional agents. The assimilation of such polymeric matrices with functional agents that possess wide varieties of characteristics require a modified approach towards electrospinning techniques such as coelectrospinning and template spinning. Additional focus within this review is devoted to the state of the art for the implementations of these approaches as viable options for the achievement of multifunctional hybrid nanofibers. Finally, recent advances and challenges, in particular, mass fabrication and prospects of hybrid nanofibers for tissue engineering and biomedical applications have been summarized.

Słowa kluczowe:
hybrid nanofibers, electrospinning, nanoparticles, functional agents, tissue engineering, nanomedicine, drug delivery, bone regeneration