Najnowsze publikacje

Streszczenie:
A promising approach to catalysis in various electrochemical applications is engineering of heterostructures with enhanced active sites and interfacial electron transfer processes. In this study, conductive NiCo2S4 was interfaced with layered MoS2 as bifunctional electrode material for asymmetric supercapacitors and hydrogen generation through water splitting. The creation of opposite charges within the heterostructure components facilitates the adsorption of OH− and H+ ions, thereby boosting the bifunctional potentials. The constructed NiCo2S4/MoS2 electrode showed excellent specific capacitance of 1488.9 F g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 current density and capacity retention of 93 % after 30-fold rise in current density. The asymmetric supercapacitor exhibits superior energy density of 63 Wh kg−1 at power density 7.56 kW kg−1 compared to similar electrode materials reported in literature. The hydrogen evolution performance of the electrode materials in alkaline media produced a low overpotential (79.95 mV at 10 mA cm−2) and small Tafel slope (59 mV dec−1) that are comparable to the state-of-the-art Pt/C. Density functional theory calculation reveals a fast electron transfer from NiCo2S4 to MoS2 leading to creation of positively charged surface and negatively charged surface at NiCo2S4 and MoS2 respectively that facilitate the adsorption of OH− and H+ ions. This study offered a promising high active and stable non platinum advanced electrode bifunctional catalyst for energy storage supercapacitor and energy conversion hydrogen generation.

Słowa kluczowe:
Heterostructure, NiCo2S4, MoS2, Supercapacitor, HER

Streszczenie:
In this paper, we revisit a classical multiwell phase-field model in the context of beta-omega phase transformations in titanium alloys. We propose a novel model by adjusting the algebraic part of the traditional interfacial free energy in a way that allows for a relaxation of the standard wellposedness constraints on surface tensions in the total-spreading case. The proposed adjustment effectively prevents the formation of a mixed omega-omega state in the resulting phase-field continuum model, aligning with the crystallographic impossibility of such a configuration in reality. We further introduce a chemical energy mixing function that preserves the local stability of purely two-phase beta-omega configurations, preventing the spontaneous appearance of additional phases. We illustrate the advantages of the novel model through numerical simulations in one, two and three spatial dimensions and outline a pathway toward a more realistic model of beta-omega transition model in titanium alloys.

Słowa kluczowe:
interfaces, phase transition, total-spreading regime, omega phase, titanium alloys, phase-field method

Streszczenie:
Despite decades of research on CO2 capture and conversion, translating laboratory advances into products for widespread public use remains elusive. This review argues that the persistent emphasis on incremental innovations in capture and catalytic conversion overlooks the fundamental barriers that eventually determine large-scale feasibility. Here, we identify and critically evaluate six key bottlenecks that demand urgent attention: (i) the high energy requirement for CO2 capture and regeneration, (ii) limited efficiency and selectivity of catalytic systems, (iii) infrastructure and scalability constraints, (iv) challenges linked with CO₂ purity and transportations, (v) uncertainties in lifecycle emissions and net carbon reduction, and (vi) inadequate economic incentives and market viability. Significantly, our analysis extends beyond laboratory studies to systematically assess insights from emerging CO2 capture startups and ongoing commercial ventures, including those in space and defense. By interlinking the technological, infrastructural, and market-based gaps, we demonstrate that progress cannot be measured solely by energy efficiency and productivity; it must instead address the broader ecosystem of deployment questions. To facilitate broader understanding, authors present complex issues through simplified flowcharts and conceptual diagrams, making the debate accessible to scientists, policymakers, and the wider public. Finally, we propose potential paths to overcome these fences, reframing the CCU discussion from “can it be done?” to “what will it take to deploy it?”. In this way, our review provides not only a censorious diagnosis of why commercialization lags but also a framework to guide future research, investment, and policy toward actionable climate solutions.

Słowa kluczowe:
CO2 Capture, Commercial Deployment, Barriers, Sustainability

Streszczenie:
This study investigates the influence of post-processing techniques on lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) designed for miRNA delivery in in vitro transfection models. We compared blank and miRNA-loaded LNPs (LNP-miRNA) in terms of size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, electrophoretic mobility, and conductivity. miRNA encapsulation increases lipid particle size by 43.6%, due to structural rearrangements. Post-processing methods, including sonication, filtration, dialysis, and thermal treatment, significantly alter particle characteristics. Sonication and filtration decrease particle size and improve uniformity, enhancing colloidal stability. Dialysis further refines the particle size but decreases its electrophoretic mobility. Non-dialyzed, sonicated, and filtered LNP-miRNA samples demonstrate the most favorable electrokinetic profile, maintaining low conductivity (0.003 mS/cm) and high electrophoretic mobility (3.16 ± 0.22 µm cm/V⋅s), suggesting optimal stability for gene delivery. Zeta potential measurements show that sonication and filtration increase the surface charge of LNP-miRNA formulations from +18.9 to +29.3 mV, enhancing colloidal stability, while dialysis reduces it to +1.9 mV. Although sonicated and filtered LNP-miRNA samples exhibited more favorable physicochemical properties, the dialyzed formulations modulate intracellular trafficking, resulting in
earlier intracellular availability and prolonged persistence of delivered miRNA. This work establishes a framework for optimizing non-viral miRNA delivery by showing how post-processing shapes LNP stability and transfection performance.

Słowa kluczowe:
endo-lysosomal trafficking, lipid nanoparticles, LNP post-processing, microfluidics, miRNAs-Cy3

Streszczenie:
Structural load identification is a critical technique that facilitates safety monitoring and performance assessment of engineering structures, activities that hold significant engineering importance. Current mainstream methods face two major challenges: traditional physical model inversion techniques require precise knowledge of structural parameters and thus are highly sensitive to modeling errors, while purely data-driven approaches based deep learning offer powerful nonlinear mapping capabilities but lack integration with physical laws and rely heavily on large volumes of labeled data. To address these issues, this paper proposes a physics-augmented deep learning (PADL) framework for structural dynamic load identification. First, based on the measured dynamic response of the structure and a simplified structural model, an initial load estimate is obtained through the frequency response function (FRF) inversion technique. Additionally, frequency-domain relationships between different types of responses are exploited to approximately reconstruct unmeasured responses, which further augments available information under the constraints of physical laws. Notably, the physical model employed in this process does not require precise structural parameters: even a simplified, inaccurate model is sufficient to provide the necessary physical constraints. Next, the augmented data is fed into a lightweight LSTM network for residual error compensation, with the output layer designed as a linear mapping without an activation function. This design overcomes the limitation of output boundedness, enabling load extrapolation beyond the extreme values of the training data through an explicit scaling mechanism in the weight matrix. Finally, numerical simulations and laboratory tests are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed PADL framework in identification of structural dynamic loads.

Słowa kluczowe:
Load identification, Deep learning, Hybrid modeling, Physics-augmented, Small training samples, Structural health monitoring

Streszczenie:
Brush cytology is widely used for sampling mucosal surfaces, particularly during gastrointestinal endoscopy to detect malignancies in the pancreas and bile ducts. During brushing, mucus and detached cells are collected in the bristles through capillary action and flow eddies. However, a low cellular yield often limits diagnostic sensitivity. This work explores electrostatic interactions between cancer cells and oppositely charged bristles to enhance cell capture. Modifying the polyamide (PA) bristles with the polycation poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) enhanced their electrostatic affinity for negatively charged cancer cells. A physical analysis of electrostatic attraction and brushing induced hydrodynamic drag quantified forces on epithelial cancer cells near a charged bristle and the mucosal surface. Hydrodynamic drag increased with brushing velocity, and specific regions were identified where electrostatic attraction significantly contributes to cell trapping and balances the hydrodynamic forces. In vitro experiments with HeLa cells showed a 2-fold increase in attachment to the modified brush. Ex vivo brushing of porcine stomach tissue confirmed the approach, showing an ≈5-fold increase in cellularity, as verified by histology. These findings indicate that exploiting electrostatic attraction between cancer cells and oppositely charged bristles can significantly enhance the sensitivity and specificity of cytological brushing in a simple, efficient, and cost-effective manner.

Słowa kluczowe:
endoscopic, brush cytology, electrostatic trapping, malignancy, biliary

Streszczenie:
The anodic substitution of a sluggish oxygen evolution reaction with a more energy-saving hydrazine oxidation reaction has the potential to greatly reduce energy consumption for hydrogen production. However, the underlying mechanism of the hydrazine oxidation reaction remains ambiguous, and the existing hydrazine splitting generally requires an external power source to drive the anodic and cathodic reactions, which is not suitable for outdoor applications. In this study, we have developed a heterostructure sulfide-based catalyst that effectively catalyzes both hydrazine oxidation and hydrogen evolution reactions. Through in situ Raman spectroscopy, we have confirmed that the breakage of the nitrogen-nitrogen single bond is a pathway for the hydrazine oxidation reaction. The enhanced electrocatalytic performance is attributed to the increased active sites and accelerated electron transfer within the heterostructures, which reduced the energy barrier, thereby enabling the fabricated electrolyzer using the g-C3N4/Ni(CN)2@NiS catalyst to deliver 200 mA cm−2 with a low voltage of 0.31 V. The assembled electrolyzer can be powered by a g-C3N4/Ni(CN)2@NiS anode-equipped direct hydrazine fuel cell, achieving self-powered hydrogen production with faradaic efficiency of more than 97 %.

Słowa kluczowe:
Functional electrod, Carbon nitride, Hydrogen generation, Hydrazine

Streszczenie:
The paper presents a laboratory investigation into the influence of power ultrasound treatment on the reactivity of diatomite in cement-based materials. Diatomite powder was used as a partial replacement of Portland cement in paste and mortar produced using power ultrasound with acoustic energy up to 61 J. The effects of sonication were evaluated in terms of diatomite pozzolanic reactivity, cement hydration kinetics, mechanical properties, and microstructural features of hardened cement paste and mortar. The sonofragmentation of diatomite particles increased with increasing sonication exposure time. The modified Chappelle test revealed that the sonication of diatomite increased Ca(OH)2 consumption by up to 1984 mg/g. As a result of sonication for 10 min. the best-performing diatomite + cement paste exhibited a considerably increased early compressive and flexural strength, by 180 % and 34 %, respectively, also an increased specific surface area (by 69 %), and reduced substitute setting times (by about 35–40 %). The strength activity index of diatomite increased from 57-65 % to 84–90 % due to sonication, showing its efficiency in improving both the early and late strength of diatomite + cement mortar. Such effectiveness is linked to the sonofragmentation and diatomite particle breakage induced by power ultrasound. Results of the study contribute to the development of sonication-assisted manufacturing of low-carbon cement-based materials

Słowa kluczowe:
Diatomite, Early strength development, Power ultrasound treatment, Portland cement, Pozzolanic activity, Sonofragmentation, Ultrasound mediated particle breakage

Słowa kluczowe:
Spiking neural networks, Neuron models, Learning algorithms, Lempel-Ziv complexity

Streszczenie:
Composite materials have emerged as a critical area of research from both fundamental and applied perspectives, with ongoing efforts aimed at improving their mechanical performance. In such systems, the mechanical behaviour of the matrix–reinforcement interface plays a key role in determining overall strength and durability. This study introduces a novel, integrated methodology for quantifying interfacial bonding strength at the microscale, combining focused ion beam (FIB) micromachining, mechanical testing, atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements, and finite element modelling (FEM). Microscale bi-material beams containing the interface were prepared by FIB and fractured via in-situ micro-bending using a nanoindenter. A central innovation of this work is the high-resolution AFM characterization of the actual fracture surface topography, which captures the three-dimensional morphology of the interface after failure. This experimentally measured geometry was directly incorporated into FEM simulations using cohesive elements to accurately model fracture damage processes. By calibrating the numerical model with experimental force–displacement data, the interfacial strength and fracture energy were quantitatively determined. For Ni–SiC composites, an average fracture energy of 0.014 J/m² was obtained. This method enables direct, geometry-aware assessment of interfacial strength and offers a versatile platform for studying and optimizing interfaces in a broad range of composite systems

Słowa kluczowe:
Metal-matrix composite, Interfacial bonding, Fracture, Micro-beam bending, Decohesion

Streszczenie:
Electrocatalytic seawater splitting seems to be the most promising and urgent demand strategy for clean hydrogen energy production. Utilizing low-cost electrocatalysts is pivotal in the hydrogen economy, as seawater splitting can be made highly efficient and more economical. To meet these expectations, we proposed a novel utilization for the black carbon mass left over from hydrometallurgical metal recovery as an efficient and stable electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performed in alkaline media. The SEM-EDS, XPS, XRD, XRF, and Raman analyses revealed that the composition and structure of the post-leached battery powders depend on the hydrometallurgical waste recycling conditions, which in turn affect their OER electrocatalytic activity. In particular, the material leached with sulfuric acid (BAT 1) retained a higher content of cobalt-based compounds (mainly LiCoO2 and Co3O4) embedded within a porous carbon matrix and, resulting in the best catalytic performance among all samples. The enhanced performance of BAT 1 is attributed to the synergy of its cobalt-based phases and the well-developed porous carbon structure, which collectively result in a high electrochemically active surface area. The electrochemical tests proved that Li-ion battery waste has remarkable OER catalytic performance with an overpotential of 226 mV and 225 mV, reaching 10 mA cm− 2 in water splitting and in seawater splitting, respectively, which is only 14 mV and 95 mV higher than for benchmark RuO2 in water splitting and seawater splitting, respectively.

Słowa kluczowe:
Oxygen evolution, Battery waste, sea water splitting, litium ion battery

Streszczenie:
Although intensively researched in the last decade, additive manufacturing techniques are still subject to certain shortcomings, such as internal porosity or anisotropy of properties. In this work, we investigate the effects of postprocessing via hot isostatic pressing (HIP) on the properties of the titanium alloy Ti6Al4V produced via two various additive manufacturing methods: laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and cold spray (CS). The LPBF produced a microstructure composed of a mixture of hcp-structured α(Ti) and α’(Ti), whereas α(Ti) and bcc-structured β(Ti) were recognized in the CS-ed materials. The subsequent HIP treatment did not cause reformation of the LPBF microstructure. This process had a significant effect on the densification of the CS-ed samples. To study the anisotropy of the material properties, the tensile and compressive strengths of the materials were determined in the planes parallel and perpendicular to the building (LPBF) and spraying (CS) directions. The LPBF materials exhibited significantly better mechanical properties stemming from the typical α/α’ martensitic microstructure, whereas the CS-ed materials presented a high number of pores and smooth and textured regions composed of recrystallized grains and grains with a high number of dislocations, respectively. The HIP treatment led to a reduction in porosity, causing a significant increase in the mechanical properties (UTS by 132%) and a reduction in the UTS anisotropy in the CS-ed materials

Słowa kluczowe:
Ti6Al4V, Laser powder bed fusion, Cold spray, Hot isostatic pressing, Mechanical properties

Streszczenie:
Rice husk ash (RHA), an abundant agricultural and industrial waste, was upcycled into functional mesostructured silica encapsulating cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), an FDA-approved antiseptic. Sodium
silicate was efficiently extracted from RHA and leveraged as a biosourced silica precursor for the aqueous sol–gel synthesis of mesostructured hybrid silica at 30 1C. Micelles of CPC simultaneously acted as structure-directing agents and as integrated antimicrobial cargo, enabling the direct formation of ordered hybrids in
one-pot. The condensation pH influenced the synthesis yield, the bonding configuration of silicon, the encapsulation of CPC and the nanostructure of the hybrids. An optimal condensation pH of 11 with a 10 : 1
Si : CPC ratio enabled highly ordered mesostructured hybrids comprising around 40 wt% of CPC and a large proportion of silanolate sites promoting electrostatic interactions. Calcination of these materials unveiled mesoporous silica with well-ordered 2D hexagonal mesophases of cylindrical pores (B2.3 nm in diameter) and high surface areas up to 520 m2 g-1. Increasing the CPC content of the hybrid materials was possible by adjusting the Si : CPC ratio. The mesostructured hybrids exhibited limited CPC release (4–5%) under physiological pH conditions, highlighting their potential for slow and burst-free release. Consequently, they exhibited potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial efficacy with a CPC dose-dependent effect (evaluated by inhibition
zones, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)) against a representative panel of pathogens: aerobic (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis) and anaerobic
(Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis) bacteria, as well as the fungal pathogen Candida albicans.
Notably, the mesostructured hybrids exerted antiseptic effects not only through direct contact with microorganisms but also via CPC diffusion. These results established RHA-derived CPC-loaded mesoporous
silica as a sustainable, high-value platform for next-generation antimicrobial applications, contributing to circular economy efforts, healthcare, and environmental sectors.

Słowa kluczowe:
upcycling rice husk , antiseptic, mesoporous silica materials, antimicrobial

Streszczenie:
This study evaluates how solution treatment and aging influence the deformation mechanisms, phase transformations and functional performance of NiTi alloys produced by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). Tensile tests performed at room temperature (RT) and −20 °C (LT) were combined with Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analyses to correlate mechanical response with transformation thermodynamics and microstructural evolution. In the as-fabricated (AF) condition, deformation is governed by twinning and martensitic plasticity due to suppressed stress-induced martensite (SIM). Solution treatment (ST) restores reversible SIM at RT and preserves partial recoverability at LT as a result of microstructural homogenization and internal stress relief. Aging at 500 °C (A1h, A20h) promotes Ni4Ti3 precipitation, increasing transformation temperatures and stabilizing martensite, which leads to entirely irreversible deformation at both temperatures. These findings establish a clear functional continuum—ranging from recoverable (ST) to dissipative (AF) and fully irreversible (A20h) behavior—and provide a mechanistic framework for tailoring LPBF NiTi components for actuators, energy-storage and energy-dissipation applications.

Słowa kluczowe:
NiTi shape memory alloy, laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), stress-induced martensite (SIM), pseudoelasticity, aging heat treatment, Ni4Ti3 precipitation, microstructural homogenization, low-temperature mechanical behavior

Streszczenie:
A collection of xanthone-carbohydrate hybrids is reported as potential α-glucosidase inhibitors. The inhibitory activity of the xanthone core and the poly-hydroxylated commercially available drugs inspired the design of the compounds. Accordingly, both moieties were linked through a triazole core prepared by a copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition. After in vitro testing, compound 17f was identified as the most remarkable compound, with an IC50 of 14.9 ± 1.7 μM (acarbose had an IC50 of 7.3 ± 0.3 mM). Additionally, molecular docking studies suggested that the hybrids bind to the allosteric site, which explains the non-competitive or mixed inhibition found in enzymatic kinetics; the stability of the complex was confirmed through molecular dynamics simulation. Furthermore, an oral sucrose tolerance test (OSTT) in both healthy and diabetic mice demonstrated that benzoxanthone derivatives 17f and 18f prevent the hyperglycemic peak that occurs after sucrose administration. Although α-glucosidase inhibition is a key mechanism of action for xanthone 17f, it also improved plasma glucose levels after 60 min of sucrose administration in diabetic mice, resulting in a decrease of 42 % compared to initial glucose levels and showing better reduction than acarbose (reduction of 22 %), suggesting a complementary antidiabetic effect.

Słowa kluczowe:
T2DM, Xanthone, Triazole, Carbohydrates, α-glucosidase inhibitors

Streszczenie:
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease driven by synovial immunopathology, where innate immune activity and neurobiological remodeling necessitate timely and precise diagnostic interventions. While
thermography provides a non-invasive window into the altered perfusion and thermal dynamics associated with such joint inflammation, its clinical adoption has been hindered by the computational demands of traditional
AI. We address this by proposing a novel Spiking Neural Network (SNN) framework that aligns diagnostic automation with the event-driven nature of physiological signals. By encoding spatial temperature patterns into
temporally structured spike trains, our approach introduces a biologically inspired static-to-dynamic translation, where temporal structure is computationally derived from spatial thermal distributions rather than directly measured inter-frame dynamics. To ensure statistical rigor, a strict patient-level data split was applied to a dataset of
291 healthy controls and 186 RA patients. We evaluated three SNN paradigms:Tempotron, Surrogate Gradient Learning (SGL), and Bio-Inspired Active Learning (BAL) to optimize the trade-off between diagnostic precision and efficiency. The Tempotron learning rule achieved a peak validation accuracy of up to 90.62% on a fixed patient-level split, demonstrating superior sensitivity to spatio-temporal signatures, while SGL offered the most efficient training convergence (563 s). Notably, our framework exhibits strong potential for reduced energy demands compared to traditional frame-based architectures. As one of the first studies to explore the intersection of neuromorphic computing and thermographic signatures associated with synovial inflammation, this study demonstrates the potential of spiking neural networks as lightweight and biologically inspired tools for automated RA screening in resource-constrained settings.

Słowa kluczowe:
Spiking neural networks (SNN), Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Thermographic imaging, Bio-inspired learning algorithms, Green AI, Neuromorphic computing

Streszczenie:
Activated carbons (ACs) are very attractive in terms of the preparation of electrode materials for supercapacitors (SCs). Their slurries are frequently deposited on the conductive current collectors. However, this approach is time-consuming and often requires multiple steps. To overcome these inconveniences, this work presents that the ACs can be successfully deposited on the stainless steel discs with the electrophoresis deposition (EPD) method using a small content of chitosan (CS) (∼0.7 wt %) as binder. Moreover, the second objective of this work is to check the compatibility of the obtained AC/CS electrodes with the poly(vinylidene fluoride-cohexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) filled with three different salts (LiClO4, NaClO4, and Mg(ClO4)2) dissolved in propylene carbonate. The use of GPEs enables long-term and safe operation up to 10,000 cycles with a capacitance retention over 55% at an electrochemical stability window of 2.6 V for all investigated cells. Nevertheless, the SC cell containing the NaClO4 salt reveals the greatest electrochemical performance. It achieves a specific capacitance of 35.1 F g–1 (measured at 2 A g–1), capacitance retention of 84.5% after extended charge–discharge cycling, and an energy density of 35.1 W h kg–1 at a power density of 5.2 kW kg–1. The obtained results indicate that EPD and a low-content CS can be effectively used to prepare AC-based electrodes for SCs equipped with GPEs

Streszczenie:
Accurate and efficient forest inventory methods are crucial for monitoring forest ecosystems, assessing carbon stocks, and supporting sustainable forest management. Traditional field-based techniques, which rely on manual measurements such as diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height (TH), remain labour-intensive and time-consuming. In this study, we introduce and validate a fully open-source, low-cost terrestrial laser scanning system (LCA-TLS) built from commercially available components and based on the Livox Avia sensor. With a total cost of €2050, the system responds to recent technological developments that have significantly reduced hardware expenses while retaining high data quality. This trend has created new opportunities for broadening access to high-resolution 3D data in ecological research. The performance of the LCA-TLS was assessed under controlled and field conditions and benchmarked against three reference devices: the RIEGL VZ-1000 terrestrial laser scanner, the Stonex X120GO handheld mobile laser scanner, and the iPhone 15 Pro Max structured-light device. The LCA-TLS achieved high accuracy for estimating DBH (RMSE: 1.50 cm) and TH (RMSE: 0.99 m), outperforming the iPhone and yielding results statistically comparable to the Stonex X120GO (DBH RMSE: 1.32 cm; p > 0.05), despite the latter being roughly ten times more expensive. While the RIEGL system produced the most accurate measurements, its cost exceeded that of the LCA-TLS by a factor of about 30. The hardware design, control software, and processing workflow of the LCA-TLS are fully open-source, allowing users worldwide to build, modify, and apply the system with minimal resources. The proposed solution thus represents a practical, cost-effective, and accessible alternative for 3D forest inventory and LiDAR-based ecosystem monitoring.

Słowa kluczowe:
functional prototype, low cost, TLS, HMLS, iPhone, forest

Streszczenie:
The analytical formulas describing the acoustic field inside the hemi-cylindrical room with the quarter-spherical dome were obtained. The considered enclosure can represent an interior of a sacral or historical object, as well as a room of modern architectural design. It was assumed that a point source generates an acoustic field, and a sound energy can be absorbed by materials on the floor and on an inner surface of the dome. The two appropriate solutions were proposed. One of them describes the sound field inside the hemi-cylindrical part of the room, and the second one presents the sound field inside the dome. Then, these solutions were coupled with the use of the continuity conditions. The formulas and the methodology to calculate the eigenfrequencies of the considered room were also presented. The results given by the obtained formulas agree with those provided by the finite element method (FEM). Moreover, the numerical simulations proved that the use of the presented formulas to calculate the sound pressure amplitude can be more numerically efficient than the FEM and can provide more accurate results. This means that the obtained formulas can be used instead of the FEM to improve the analysis of the sound field inside the considered room. The presented formulas can be used to predict the acoustical behavior of the considered room and consequently to design the room with appropriate acoustic conditions. As an example, the distributions of the acoustic pressure amplitude were predicted by using the obtained formulas.

Słowa kluczowe:
modal analysis, propagation and radiation, structural acoustics

Słowa kluczowe:
ADHD, EEG, Signal complexity, Lempel–Ziv complexity, Neurodevelopmental disorders

Streszczenie:
The efficiency of vibration-based energy harvesters is often constrained by low vibration amplitudes and limited responsiveness beyond the resonant frequency. To overcome these limitations, mechanical amplifiers and spring bumpers can be employed to enhance excitation amplitude and magnet velocity within a compact device. This study presents a nonlinear oscillator supported on pre-compressed coil springs with high-stiffness bumpers acting as motion limiters. The resulting collision effects and friction introduce hysteresis, significantly influencing the system’s dynamic response. An electromagnetic model with position-dependent inductance is developed, and the identified system parameters enable numerical analysis of energy recovery and dynamic behaviour. Selected numerical predictions are compared with experimental observations, demonstrating the model’s effectiveness.

Słowa kluczowe:
energy harvesting, nonlinear electromagnetic circuit, electromechanical systems, electromagnetic transduction, hysteresis phenomena, broadband response

Streszczenie:
Thin acoustic composites made of a conventional porous material with subwavelength metamaterial inclusions are investigated in this work. The labyrinthine inclusions improve sound absorption by introducing a tuned multiresonant behavior. The aim of their design is high performance at lower frequencies, which conventional materials lack. The resonance frequencies of metamaterial inclusions can be tuned to known noise conditions and/or to compensate for particularly poor performance of the conventional porous matrix. To avoid unnecessary constraints in composite design, the thickness of the porous material can be different (smaller) than the thickness of the inclusions. The result is a two-layer matrix in the form of a porous material with an air gap underneath. The gap can be used to reduce the added thickness of the composite panel by integrating the lower parts of the inclusions into the supporting wall. The developed modeling and design procedure is illustrated with two examples of hybrid composites with labyrinthine inclusions. Acoustic tests performed on two manufactured samples confirmed the predicted multiresonant behavior and overall sound absorption of the composites. This approach can also be used to test new acoustic metamaterials whose samples, due to their shape or size, cannot fit tightly into an impedance tube.

Słowa kluczowe:
materials in vibration and acoustics, noise control

Streszczenie:
The rapid development of large language models (LLMs), including ChatGPT, Gemini, and Copilot, has led to their increasing use in health communication and patient educa-
tion. However, their growing popularity raises important concerns about whether the lan-guage they generate aligns with recommended readability standards and patient health literacy levels. This review synthesizes evidence on the readability of medical information generated by chatbots using established linguistic readability indices. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library identified 4209 records, from which 140 studies met the eligibility criteria. Across the included publications, 21 chatbots and 14 readability scales were examined, with the Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level and Flesch Reading Ease being the most frequently applied metrics. The results demon-strated substantial variability in readability across chatbot models; however, most texts
corresponded to a secondary or early tertiary reading level, exceeding the commonly rec-ommended 8th-grade level for patient-facing materials. ChatGPT-4, Gemini, and Copilot
exhibited more consistent readability patterns, whereas ChatGPT-3.5 and Perplexity pro-duced more linguistically complex content. Notably, DeepSeek-V3 and DeepSeek-R1 gen-
erated the most accessible responses. The findings suggest that, despite technological ad-vances, AI-generated medical content remains insufficiently readable for general audi-
ences, posing a potential barrier to equitable health communication. These results under-score the need for readability-aware AI design, standardized evaluation frameworks, and future research integrating quantitative readability metrics with patient-level comprehen-
sion outcomes.

Słowa kluczowe:
medical chatbots, readability, health communication, digital health, artificial intelligence

Streszczenie:
As environmental pollution continues to rise, it is of great importance to ensure proper living conditions for humans. Along with rising electricity consumption, pollution from the magnetic field generated by electrical equipment and transmission lines is also increasing. The potential health effects of exposure to power frequency magnetic fields are referenced at levels of 0.2 µT to 3 µT in many countries. This study focuses on the magnetic field generated by indoor medium-voltage/low-voltage transformer substations. As the magnetic field in apartments above indoor substations exceeds the reference level, certain measures are to be taken. The so-called active shields are made of a closed current-carrying loop, a control system, and magnetic field sensors. They mitigate the magnetic field to the reference level. However, these shields continuously consume electric power. Therefore, the aim of this work is to develop a technique for designing energy-efficient active shields. The properties of these active shields are determined by solving an optimization problem that minimizes active power. Triangular, quadrangular, pentagonal, and hexagonal shapes of current-carrying loops are under study. Results show that using geometrically complex designs of active shields, particularly hexagonal ones, may be beneficial for energy-efficient and high-performance mitigation of the transformer substation magnetic field. Thus, the power consumption of the active shield is reduced from 50 W to 2.3 W when mitigating the magnetic field of the substation under study.

Słowa kluczowe:
Magnetic field, Shielding, Transformer substation, Energy efficiency , Active power , Reference level , Optimization

Streszczenie:
In this study, we investigate the electronic and optical properties of silicon-doped β-Ga2O3 using first-principles calculations. Four key defect configurations were analyzed: substitutional Si on a tetrahedral Ga site (SiGaI), interstitial Si (Sii9), and the interstitial Si–Ga vacancy complexes Sii9–1VGaI and Sii9–2VGaI. We confirm that the substitutional SiGaI acts as a shallow donor, raising the Fermi level into the conduction band, which is consistent with experimental data. In contrast, the interstitial Sii9 introduces a midgap level and exhibits a smaller Bader charge compared to the substitutional case, deviating from the +4-oxidation state typically observed experimentally. Crucially, complex formation with Ga vacancies stabilizes the interstitial species. The Sii9–1VGaI complex retains n-type behavior with a redshifted absorption edge. The Sii9–2VGaI complex, however, introduces deeper states and a further reduced optical absorption edge below 4 eV. The comparable Bader charge and negative formation energy of these two complexes indicate that they can coexist with substitutional donors under implantation conditions. Our results provide novel insight into the mechanism behind the experimentally observed dual nature of Si in β-Ga2O3.

Słowa kluczowe:
complex defects, density functional theory, effective band structure, Fermi energy, Ga2O3, optical absorption

Streszczenie:
This study investigates the influence of build orientation on the microstructure and early-stage deformation behaviour of austenitic stainless steel 316 L (SS316L) produced via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). Three LPBF specimen orientations: horizontal (XY), inclined at 45° (ZX), and vertical (Z) were compared to conventionally produced wrought SS316L. Mechanical testing was conducted under uniaxial tension to fracture and to a controlled axial strain of 1 % to capture the onset of plasticity. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was performed before and after deformation to quantify grain boundary character, misorientation distribution, and grain morphology evolution. The LPBF material exhibited notable differences in yield strength and strain hardening, with the Z-oriented specimens exhibiting the lowest mechanical performance due to insufficient interlayer bonding and elongated melt pool boundaries aligned with the build direction. In contrast, the XY and ZX orientations showed relatively higher strength and more uniform deformation behaviour. EBSD revealed that early-stage plastic deformation led to the intragranular misorientation accumulation but the degree of it varied significantly with orientation. Wrought SS316L displayed the highest overall mechanical properties and more homogeneous deformation due to its equiaxed, recrystallized microstructure.

Słowa kluczowe:
Stainless steel, Microstructure, Additive manufacturing, Laser Powder Bed Fusion Melting (LPBF-M)

Streszczenie:
18-6-Graphdiyne (18-6-GDY) and C18N6 are low-density carbon-based nanomaterials with notable mechanical adaptability. Using molecular dynamics simulations, this study examines how random hydrogen functionalization affects their anisotropic mechanical behavior under uniaxial tension. Increasing hydrogen coverage from 2.5 % to 10 % degrades mechanical performance in both materials. The X-direction tensile strength of 18-6-GDY decreases from 28.8 to 19.0 GPa, while C18N6 shows a more pronounced reduction. Direction-dependent declines in Young's modulus and toughness highlight the combined influence of nitrogen substitution, hydrogen coverage, and lattice orientation.

Słowa kluczowe:
Graphdiyne, N-Graphdiyne, Hydrogen functionalization, Molecular dynamics simulation

Streszczenie:
The presented dataset contains spatial models of cones formed from lunar soil simulants. The cones were formed in a laboratory by allowing the soil to fall freely through a funnel. Then, the cones were measured using three methods: a high-precision handheld laser scanner (HLS), photogrammetry, and a low-cost LiDAR system integrated into an iPad Pro. The dataset consists of two groups. The first group contains raw measurement data, and the second group contains the geometry of the cones themselves, excluding their surroundings. This second group was prepared to support the calculation of the cones’ volume. All data are provided in standard 3D file format (.STL). The dataset enables direct comparison of resolution and geometric reconstruction performance across the three techniques and can be reused for benchmarking 3D processing workflows, segmentation algorithms, and shape reconstruction methods. It provides complete geometric information suitable for validating automated extraction procedures for parameters such as cone height, base diameter, and angle of repose, as well as for further research into planetary soil and granular material morphology.

Słowa kluczowe:
handheld laser scanning, photogrammetry, low-cost LiDAR, 3D modeling, regolith simulants, cone geometry, laboratory measurement

Streszczenie:
Sztuczna inteligencja potrafi zapewniać nam wirtualną nieśmiertelność, ale budzi też związane z tym olbrzymie kontrowersje. Automatycznie generowane na podstawie dostępnych tekstowych i wizualnych danych wypowiedzi i wizerunki osób dawno już nieżyjących stają się coraz powszechniejsze, a niedawno opublikowane badania ekspertów wręcz sugerują, że w nieodległej przyszłości liczba nieżyjących, ale cyfrowo ożywionych osób może przewyższyć liczbę osób żyjących. Niezależnie od już potwierdzonej satysfakcji kontaktu ze zmarłą osobą ze strony np. jej rodziny i bliskich, nieograniczone są możliwości tendencyjnych manipulacji mogących całkowicie zniekształcać rzeczywistość. Problem wirtualnej nieśmiertelności staje się olbrzymim wyzwaniem dla regulatorów cyfrowego świata.

Słowa kluczowe:
cyfrowe odtwarzanie nieżyjących, możliwości manipulacji, niezbędne ale trudne regulacje

Streszczenie:
W artykule omówiono konkluzje raportu amerykańskiego Departamentu Stanu
dotyczącego zagrożeń wynikających z nieuregulowanego rozwoju sztucznej inteligencji.
Raport ostrzega bardzo dobitnie przed najróżniejszymi przyszłymi zagrożeniami
stojącymi przed całym światem w wyniku niekontrolowanego rozwoju nowych
technologii informatycznych, mocno akcentując w szczególności możliwość
zniszczenia całej ludzkości przez globalnie niekontrolowane zastosowania AI.
Druga część artykułu dotyczy problematyki mającej potencjalnie również wielkie
znaczenie dla naszej przyszłości, a mianowicie nowego urządzenia łączącego mózg
z komputerem. Urządzenie to o nazwie Neuralink przesyła bezprzewodowo sygnały
mózgowe do specjalnego programu, który je dekoduje, rozpoznając ludzkie
myśli. Przy wielu niezaprzeczalnych zaletach olbrzymim zagrożeniem są możliwości
wykorzystywania przez osoby niepożądane dostępu do myśli człowieka
w celu naruszenia jego prywatności. Konkluzją artykułu jest stwierdzenie o konieczności
prowadzenia szerokich prac dotyczących regulacji mających na celu
bezpieczny rozwój AI i korzystne dla społeczeństw jej zastosowania.

Słowa kluczowe:
sztuczna inteligencja, globalne zagrożenia, interfejs mózg-komputer, potrzeba globalnych regulacji

Streszczenie:
Wykorzystywanie sztucznej inteligencji, a jej generatywnej postaci w szczególności, nabiera olbrzymiego znaczenia w procesach edukacyjnych na wszystkich poziomach. W obliczu zachodzących zmian niezbędna jest obecnie głęboka refleksja
dotycząca treści i sposobów prowadzenia edukacji. Często artykułowane optymistyczne poglądy na temat coraz szerszego, edukacyjnego wykorzystywania AI
nie są wolne od bardzo poważnej krytyki, wskazującej na możliwe znaczące sła-
120 M. Kleiber
bości tego procesu, zaburzającego u uczniów zdolności poznawcze i umiejętności
krytycznego myślenia, pozwalając im ominąć kluczowe czynności niezbędne do
rozwijania wiedzy i umiejętności.

Słowa kluczowe:
współczesna edukacja, wykorzystywanie sztucznej inteligencji, zróżnicowane opinie ekspertów

Streszczenie:
Transport tunnels in enzymes with buried active sites are critical gatekeepers of enzymatic function, controlling substrate access, product release, and catalytic efficiency. Despite their importance, the transient nature of these tunnels makes them difficult to study using conventional simulation methods. In this study, we systematically evaluate three coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics approaches─Martini with Elastic network restraints, Martini with Go̅-model restraints, and SIRAH─for their ability to characterize tunnel structure and dynamics across diverse enzyme classes. Using haloalkane dehalogenase LinB and its engineered variants as model systems, we show that CG methods accurately reproduce the geometry of tunnel ensembles observed in all-atom (AA) simulations while providing notable computational speedups. The Martini-Go̅ model performed particularly well, capturing subtle mutation-induced changes in tunnel dynamics, such as the closure of a main tunnel and the de novo opening of a transient auxiliary tunnel in LinB variants. In contrast, Martini with Elastic network restraints was limited in capturing tunnel dynamics due to the structural bias introduced by the restraints. We further validated these findings across nine enzymes from the oxidoreductase, transferase, and hydrolase classes with diverse structural folds. Although all CG methods reliably identified functionally relevant tunnels and provided fairly accurate estimates of their ensemble geometry and key bottleneck residues, they differed in their ability to replicate tunnel dynamics, with tunnel occurrences and ranking showing moderate to good correspondence with AA results. This comprehensive evaluation highlights the strengths and weaknesses of CG simulations, establishing them as powerful tools for high-throughput analysis of enzyme tunnels, which enables more efficient enzyme engineering and drug design efforts targeting these critical structural features.

Słowa kluczowe:
GoMartini 3, Enzymes, Protein tunnels, MD, SIRAH, Elastic Network, Martini 3, Coarse grained MD

Słowa kluczowe:
computational homogenization, micro-CT, micromechanics, multiscale modelling, representative volume element

Słowa kluczowe:
self-reinforced composites, fatigue, self-heating effect, fracture mechanisms, unconventional injection molding

Streszczenie:
Effective management of non-compressible hemorrhage remains a significant challenge in the field of biomaterials development. Although fluffy fiber sponges with strong hemostatic properties and excellent biocompatibility have been a promising solution, their fabrication has been rather complicated. This study presents a facile in situ deprotonation-induced direct electrospinning approach that enables the fabrication of three-dimensional Gelatin/Eudragit S100 (3D Gel/ES)-based fiber sponges. These sponges are equipped with multiple hemostatic-enhancing moieties to address non-compressible bleeding. The generated 3D sponges exhibit a fluffy texture composed of continuous and interconnected fibers. Results demonstrate a remarkable compressibility, exceptional porosity (>90 %), excellent water absorption capabilities (>2000 %), very low hemolytic rate (<0.1 %), and non-cytotoxic characteristics (cell viability > 85 %). Furthermore, their hemostatic response has been improved, especially by the incorporation of CaCO3. Consequently, activating the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade, along with the adhesion, enrichment, and activation properties of erythrocytes and platelets. In vivo analyses of hybrid fiber sponges confirm their superior hemostatic capabilities compared to traditional gauze and commercial sponge materials. This fabrication strategy is anticipated to open a new avenue for the development of next-generation advanced hemostatic 3D fiber sponge, specifically targeting rapid and effective hemostasis in mild-to-moderate bleeding.

Słowa kluczowe:
3D hybrid fiber sponges, Deprotonated carboxylate, Gelatin, Electrospinning, Ca2+ ions, Hemostasis

Słowa kluczowe:
PVC plastisol, wood flour, wood–polymer composites, silane modification, eco-friendly insulation materials, coating composites, thermal stability

Streszczenie:
Currently there are no therapeutic agents that are effective against both vestibular schwannoma and meningioma, the two most common tumour types affecting patients with the rare tumour predisposition syndrome NF2-related schwannomatosis. This study aimed to characterise the similarities and differences in the tumour immune microenvironments of meningioma and vestibular schwannoma to identify potential therapeutic targets viable for both tumour types. Publicly available bulk Affymetrix expression data for both meningioma (n = 22) and vestibular schwannoma (n = 31) were used to compare gene expression and signalling pathways, and deconvolved to predict the abundance of the immune cell types present. Publicly available single cell RNA sequencing data for both meningioma (n = 6) and vestibular schwannoma (n = 15) was used to further investigate specific T cell and macrophage subtypes for their signalling pathways, gene expression, and drug targets for predicted drug repurposing in both tumour types. Immune cells comprised a larger proportion of the vestibular schwannoma tumour microenvironment compared to meningioma and included a significantly higher abundance of alternatively activated macrophages. However, these alternatively activated macrophages, alongside other immune cell subtypes such as CD8 + T cells and classically activated macrophages, were predicted to be more active in meningioma than vestibular schwannoma. Despite these differences, T cells and tumour associated macrophages of both vestibular schwannoma and meningioma shared drug-target kinases amenable to drug repurposing with Food and Drug Administration (FDA) drugs approved for other conditions. These include bosutinib, sorafenib, mitoxantrone, and nintedanib which are yet to be clinically investigated for vestibular schwannoma or meningioma. Drug repurposing may offer an expedited route to the clinical translation of approved drugs effective for treating both meningioma and vestibular schwannoma to benefit NF2-related schwannomatosis patients.

Słowa kluczowe:
NF2, NF2-related schwannomatosis, Tumour microenvironment, Inflammation, Vestibular schwannoma, Meningioma, Skull base neoplasm, Tumour associated macrophages, CD8 T cells, TAM

Streszczenie:
This study examines nitrogen ion implantation's effects on the microstructure, mechanical behavior, and tribological performance of an octonary high-entropy thin film metallic glass HfMoNbTaTiVWZr. Ion implantation led to binary nitride formation, elemental redistribution, and surface modifications while maintaining significant degree of amorphization, what indicates local atomic rearrangement rather than crystallization. Structural and chemical analyses using TEM, XRD, and EDS mapping revealed phase stability changes and preferential segregation of heavy elements like hafnium and tantalum at high doses. Hardness enhancement was attributed to solid solution strengthening, fine nitride formation, increased lattice distortion, residual stress, and densification. At an optimal implantation dose (1e17 ions/cm2), hardness increased to 20 GPa, reducing the coefficient of friction and improving wear resistance. A comparison with a magnetron-sputtered (HfMoNbTaTiVWZr)N thin film showed distinct hardness-depth profiles, confirming localized strengthening effects. These findings highlight nitrogen implantation as an effective surface engineering technique for optimizing material performance in demanding applications

Słowa kluczowe:
High entropy film metallic glasses, Ion implantation, Microstructure, Indentation, Surface characteristics

Streszczenie:
This study presents a comprehensive experimental evaluation of high-performance concretes incorporating calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement as a partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Five CSA replacement levels (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60%) and two water-to-cement ratios (0.40 and 0.45) were examined to assess their effects on mechanical performance and key durability parameters. The experimental program simultaneously investigated compressive strength, tensile splitting strength, water absorption, sorptivity, gas permeability, and freeze–thaw resistance, offering an integrated assessment rarely addressed in previous studies, which typically focus on selected parameters or narrower replacement ranges. The results show that CSA addition enhances microstructural densification, substantially reducing sorptivity and gas permeability and markedly improving freeze–thaw performance even without air entrainment. High CSA contents (45–60%) yielded superior transport-related durability while maintaining competitive 28-day strengths, especially for w/c = 0.40. These findings clarify the interplay between CSA content, transport properties, and frost resistance, highlighting CSA–OPC hybrid binders as a durable and sustainable solution for high-performance concrete applications

Słowa kluczowe:
calcium sulfoaluminate cement, high-performance concreto, freeze–thaw resistance, water absorption, sorptivity, durability properties

Streszczenie:
Conducting polymers enable the simultaneous transport of electrons and ions within soft, biocompatible matrices. Yet their synthesis typically relies on soluble oxidants that generate stoichiometric waste and inhibit high-resolution patterning. Nanometer-thick gold films deposited by direct-current magnetron sputtering in dilute air function concurrently as a template and intrinsic oxidant—though, owing to their discontinuous structure, not as current collectors—for the reagent-free growth of emeraldine-salt polyaniline (PANI-ES). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that freshly sputtered films contain approximately 60% Au2O3, which is quantitatively reduced by aniline within 60 s. In situ UV–vis spectroscopy records an increase in the 750 nm polaron band that scales linearly with oxide thickness. Polymerization self-terminates once the local Au(III) reservoir is exhausted, yielding patterns precisely registered to the underlying metal mask. The resulting PANI-ES retains the optical, Raman, and electrochemical signatures of the highly conductive emeraldine salt. By replacing soluble oxidants with a solid Au2O3 underlayer, the process avoids sulfate-containing solution-phase by-products and enables aniline-to-PANI conversion at room temperature under ambient air, providing a straightforward route to patterned PANI films without post-growth wet lithography for hole-transport layers, neural microelectrodes, and chemiresistors.

Słowa kluczowe:
bioelectronics, gold oxide nanofilms, polyaniline, reagent-free oxidant polymerization, site-confined growth

Streszczenie:
Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) are characterized by their gradual spatial variation in composition and properties, which lead to enhanced performance under various operating conditions. Thermal conductivity plays a crucial role in the design of engineering systems where temperature regulation is crucial. This study examines the thermal conductivity of AlSi12 matrix FGMs reinforced with two types of ceramics: silicon carbide (SiC) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3). The powder metallurgy route employing two consolidation techniques (hot pressing, HP and spark plasma sintering, SPS) was utilized to produce ungraded composites and three-layer FGMs with ceramic content of 10, 20, and 30 vol%. The influence of reinforcement type and processing method (HP vs. SPS) on the thermal conductivity was analyzed from room temperature up to 300 °C. It was found that, in composites with a lower ceramic content the aluminum matrix predominantly governs the overall thermal conductivity. In contrast, porosity and interfacial compounds become the controlling factors at higher ceramic contents, particularly in the AlSi12-SiC system. Processing techniques played a crucial role in the evolution of the matrix microstructure in the considered temperature range. For AlSi12-Al2O3 composites and FGMs, HP samples exhibited higher thermal conductivity than SPS samples, due to Al grain growth and lower porosity. For AlSi12-SiC composites produced by HP and SPS, TEM analysis revealed interfacial oxide layer formation around the Al and SiC grains. These oxide layers contributed to a significant decrease in thermal conductivity of AlSi12-SiC composites at elevated temperatures. Samples fabricated via HP had higher relative densities than those produced by SPS. This is an unusual result, as the opposite is typically reported in the literature. The pivotal role of ceramic particle type and interfacial characteristics in shaping the thermal performance of AlSi matrix FGMs was confirmed.

Słowa kluczowe:
sintering, composites, thermal conductivity, Al2O3, SiC

Streszczenie:
The aim of this paper is to study the postbuckling behaviors of the nanorods combined with the small scale effects. In this paper, buckling of a nanorod column subjected to tip load is investigated. The nanorod is on a clamped support at one end, while the other end is simply-supported subjected to axial compression. At this end, the nanorod is movable only in a horizontal direction. The governing differential equation describing the behavior of the nanorod is developed by the moment–curvature relationship in analogy with the classical Euler–Bernoulli beam theory together with the equilibrium equations, including the effects of nonlocal elasticity as well as corresponding boundary conditions. The numerical shooting methods are derived and employed to solve the differential equations in this problem. The results, including nonlocal elasticity, reveal that nanorods have decreased structural stiffness and show the significant effect of geometrical parameters on the stability of buckled nanorods, emphasizing the importance of accounting for their interaction in the design of nanostructural systems.

Słowa kluczowe:
nonlocal elasticity theory, nanorods, small-scale effect, postbuckling behaviors

Streszczenie:
In order to understand transport phenomena in a quasi-classical regime the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) is one of the most frequently used tools. Therein, the key quantity is a collision integral – the quantity that encapsulates the properties of the medium under consideration. Usually the result of this integral is approximated by one single parameter, the relaxation time. However it leaves one wondering if such situation is sufficient: for instance, if the dispersion of bosons is non-linear then what will be the influence of this non-linearity on the BTE. Here we give a fully analytic solution of the collisions’ integral for 1D bosonic gases with non-linear dispersion and far out of equilibrium. Our analytic result is given in terms of the Lerch transcendent function and it has been obtained for the case of two sub-systems (one dragging another), by taking a maximum-entropy displaced Bose–Einstein ansatz for their distributions. Currently, there are numerous experiments performed far away from equilibrium, where distributions are massively shifted and our result will serve as a main building block to derive distributions of bosons, and later linear and nonlinear transport coefficients, in such regimes.

Słowa kluczowe:
Boltzmann transport equation, bosons with non-linear dispersion

Streszczenie:
A generalization of the Euler’s elastic problem, i.e., finding a stationary configu-
ration (planar elastica) of the Bernoulli’s thin ideal elastic rod with boundary con-
ditions defined through fixed endpoints and/or tangents at the endpoints, for the
chosen nonlocal differential constitutive stress-strain relation (i.e., nonlocal theory
of elasticity) is considered. In the classical (local) Euler-Bernoulli’s beam model,
the general solutions of the governing equations (that are inhomogeneous but lin-
ear) for bending moments and shear forces in the case of large deformations can
be obtained using the Jacobi elliptic functions and incomplete elliptic integrals.
For the discussed nonlocal toy differential model, the general solutions of the gov-
erning equations (that are this time nonlinear) can also be expressed in the paramet-
ric form through the linear combinations of all three incomplete elliptic integrals.
As further research, we plan to apply some boundary conditions (clamped, simply
supported, etc.) for the obtained nonlocal general solutions in order to compare
them to the local solutions for the corresponding boundary value problems

Słowa kluczowe:
Euler-Bernoulli’s beam model, Euler’s elastica, incomplete elliptic integrals of first, second, and third kind, Jacobi elliptic functions, nonlocal differential constitutive stress-strain relations, nonlocal theory of elasticity

Słowa kluczowe:
applications in solving boundary-value problems and sensitivity analysis and optimization, coupled BEM-FEM and BEM-FDM, boundary integral equation method

Słowa kluczowe:
Nanotechnology, 2D structures, interatomic potentials, graphene-like materials

Streszczenie:
In ultrasound-mediated blood–brain barrier (BBB) opening procedures, intravenously injected microbubbles (MBs)—gas-filled agents encapsulated by lipid or protein shells—play a central role. Originally developed as ultrasound contrast agents, MBs have demonstrated considerable potential for modulating BBB permeability. Upon exposure to focused ultrasound within cerebral vasculature, MBs undergo oscillations that transiently disrupt the tight junctions of endothelial cells, facilitating the temporary passage of macromolecules exceeding 400 Da. This bioeffect can be harnessed to improve the delivery and therapeutic efficacy of drugs targeting, among others, neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease.
This study investigates the influence of various parameters on the acoustic emissions of microbubbles (MBs; SonoVue, Bracco), including MB concentration (0.0008%, 0.004%, 0.016%, 0.08%, 0.4% [V/V]), peak negative pressure (61.5 ± 8, 121 ± 15.5, 252.5 ± 33, 600 ± 80, 1300 ± 165, and 2600 ± 340 kPa), and ultrasound pulse duration (100, 200, and 1000 μs). Experiments were conducted in a flow setup equipped with a focused transducer (H101, Sonic Concepts, f₀ = 1.05 MHz) and a passive acoustic receiver.
Three cavitation metrics were derived from the recorded acoustic signals: stable cavitation dose from harmonics (SCDₕₐᵣ), from ultraharmonics (SCDᵤₗₜᵣₐ), and inertial cavitation dose (ICD) based on broadband emissions.
The results indicate that SCDₕₐᵣ generally increases with pressure, reaching a maximum at 600 kPa before declining at higher pressures. SCDᵤₗₜᵣₐ peaked at MB concentrations of 0.004% and 0.016%, while ICD remained relatively uniform across concentrations, with no substantial variations. A pronounced ICD response was observed at pressures ≥ 600 kPa, with the highest values recorded at the maximum MB concentration (0.4%).
Currently, no standardized methodology exists for quantifying cavitation dose, making it a subject of ongoing research. The presented findings highlight key trends in MB behavior under varying experimental conditions. The selected parameter ranges provide a broad perspective on MB acoustic responses within this experimental setup.

Streszczenie:
he very serious problem connected with long distance transport of gaseous fuels is connected with the fact that detonation may occur inside the duct if some air leaks into it. Detonation is particularly dangerous for compressors which “push” the gas through pipelines. Protecting these compressors with some kind of “detonation dampers” is therefore necessary.
The commonly used detonation damper has a form of a matrix of narrow channels, placed across the pipe transporting gas. Detonation wave is supposed to be extinguished due to cooling by cold walls of these channels. To achieve efficient damping the channels should be very narrow. Our earlier simulations [1, 2] indicate, that preferable widths should be of the order of 0.005mm. This is not acceptable for practical reasons – in real dampers the width of the channels is close to 0.5mm. In such dampers cooling the gas by heat transfer to the walls is inefficient and cannot extinguish the flame.
It will be shown in the paper, that such “real” detonation dampers may be efficient nevertheless. Detonation may be extinguished by cooling in the rarefaction wave, which is generated in the area behind the outlet from the channel.

Słowa kluczowe:
Transport of Gas, Detonation Waves

Słowa kluczowe:
Spark Plasma Sintering, Discrete Element Model, microscopic modelling

Streszczenie:
The increasing demand for renewable energy, particularly for high-efficiency and lightweight wind turbines, has driven substantial advancements in the application of composite materials for wind turbine structural and airfoil design. This review highlights the role of composites in wind turbine airfoils, focusing on their structural, aerodynamic, and manufacturing performance. It first introduces airfoil geometry and fiber-reinforced composites, including conventional glass and carbon fibers, as well as advanced and hybrid materials. The mechanical, thermal, and fatigue properties of these composites, along with their advantages over metallic materials, are evaluated. Furthermore, the function of composites in commercial turbines and experimental airfoils is discussed, together with challenges such as cost, recyclability, and structural health monitoring. Finally, future trends in composite extend are explored, including convalesce nanomaterials, thermoplastic matrices, and sustainable materials, which are essential for the next generation of high-performance, durable, and environmentally friendly wind turbine airfoils.

Słowa kluczowe:
Airfoil design, Wind turbines, Aerodynamic, Composites